Week 3 Flashcards by Lucy Ann

What is athersclerosis?

Build up of plaque in the arteries

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What forms plaque (in relation to athersclerosis)?

Fatty substances
Cholesterol 
Cellular waste
Calcium
Fibrin

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What is a chylomicron?

Lipoprotein

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Which lipoprotein has a protective effect for risk of athersclerosis?

HDL

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What do statins do?

Reduce total cholesterol and LDLs

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Where are xanthelasma found?

Eye

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What can be used to help estimate the risk of developing cardiovascular disease?

Assign score

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BP = X x Y

TPR

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What is Conn’s syndrome?

Excess production of aldosterone by the adrenal glands

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What is Cushing’s syndrome?

Condition caused by high levels of cortisol in the body (fromthe adrenal gland)

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What is phaeochromocytoma?

Condition caused by excess noradrenaline

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What is coarctation of the aorta?

Congenital narrowing of segments of the aorta

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What is benign hypertension?

Asymptomatic, incidental finding

Is a cause of life threatening morbidity

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What does hypertension do to the heart?

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Poor perfusion

Interstitial fibrosis

Micro-infarcts

Diastolic dysfunction

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What does arterial stenosis cause?

Narrowing of the arterial lumen

Reduced elasticity

Reduced flow in systole

Tissue ischaemia

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What should be offered to a patient if their BP is 140/90 or higher in order to confirm the diagnosis?

ABPM

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring

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What is ABPM?

Two measurements per our throught the day during a normal person’s waking hours

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What is stage II hypertension?

Clinical BP 160/100 mmHg or higher AND ABPM/HBPM daytime average of 150/95

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What should be offered to all patients diagnosed with hypertension?

Urine test for protein
Blood to measure glucose, electrolytes, creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate and cholesterol
Examine fundi for hypertensive retinopathy
Arrange a 12-lead ECG

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Renal disease, obstructive sleep apnoea, aldosteronism and reno-vascular disease all increase the risk of what?

Secondary hypertension

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What do 60% of hypertensive patients have inappropriate secretions of?

Aldosterone

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What is haemostasis?

Arrest of blood loss from a damaged vessel

What are the 3 stages involved in haemostasis?

Local vasoconstriction at the site of injury

Adhesion, activation and aggregation of platelets at site of injury

Formation of fibrin (blood coagulation)

What does exposed collagen bind to?

von Willebrand factor

What is the pivotal event in the complex amplifying cascade in the events of coagulation?

The production of the protease thrombin that cleaves fibrinogen to fibrin

What does thrombosis mean?

Pathological haemostasis A heamatological plug in the abscence of bleeding

What does an arterial thrombus look like?

White thrombus Mainly platelets in a fibrin mesh Primarily treated with anti-platelet drugs

What does a venous thrombus look like?

Red thrombus White-head, jelly-like red tail, fibrin rich Primarily treated with anti-coagulants

What does warfarin block?

Vitamin K reductase

What are anticoagulants used in the treatment of?

Venous thrombosis and embolism

Name an anticoagulant

Warfarin

What can an overdose of warfarin be treated with?

Vitamin K1 e.g. phytomenadione

What does heparin bind to?

Antithrombin III

Name 2 antiplatlet drugs

Aspirin Clopidogrel

When is streptokinase?

Drug used to reduce mortality in an acute MI

What is the thymus?

Gland/lymphoid organ producing T-lymphocytes in childhood-involutes and becomes replaced by adipose tissue after puberty

What lymphatic duct drains the left venous angle?

Thoracic duct

What is the swollen start of the thoracic duct in the abdomen called?

Cisterna chyli

How is extra oxygen supplied to the heart when it is required?

Increasing coronary blood flow

A decrease in partial pressure of oxygen does what to coronary arterioles?

Vasodilates them

What nervous system supplies coronary arterioles?

Sympathetic

What parts of brain are very sensitive to hypoxia?

Grey matter

Basilar and carotid arteries anastomes to form what?

The circle of WILLIS

A MABP below what results in confusion, fainting and brain damage if not quickly corrected?

50mmHg

An increase in PCO2 causes what?

Cerebral vasodilation

A decrease in PCO2 can lead to what?

Vasoconstriction

What causes the blood brain barrier?

Tight intercellular junctions found in cerebral capillaries

How does glucose cross the blood brain barrier?

Facilitated diffusion using specific carrier molecules

What is the blood brain barrier impermeable to?

Hydrophilic substances such as ions, catecholamines, proteins etc

What does the skeletal muscle pump reduce the chances of?

Postural hypotension and fainting

What are varicose veins?

When blood pools in lower limb veins when venous valves become incompetent

What is the end point of the coagulation cascade?

Fibrin

Where is vitamin K stored?

Fat soluble Stored in the liver