General Cardio Revision

Question 1

What does a positive chronotrope do?

Answer 1

Increases heart rate

Question 2

What does a negative chronotrope do?

Answer 2

Decreases heart rate

Question 3

What does a positive dromotrope do?

Answer 3

Increases AV nodal conduction

Question 4

What does sympathetic stimulation cause?
A - a negative inotropic effect
B- a positive inotropic effect
C - a positive chronotropic effect

Answer 4

C

Question 5

What does a negative inotrope do?

Answer 5

Weakens the force of muscular contractions

Question 6

What do positively inotropic agents do?

Answer 6

Increase the strength of muscular contractions

Question 7

In an ECG, what is the P-wave caused by?

Answer 7

Atrial depolarisation

Question 8

Where is the PR interval measured from on an ECG?

Answer 8

The beginning of the P-wave to the beginning of the QRS complex.

It is normally between 3-5 small squares

Question 9

In an ECG, where does the ventricular systole occur?

Answer 9

ST segment

All of the ventricular mass is depolarised and contracting

Question 10

What does parasympathetic stimulation do?

Answer 10

Decreases the slope of pacemaker potential
Slows conduction via AV node
Slows heart rate

Question 11

When does parasympathetic tone dominate?

Answer 11

Under resting conditions

Question 12

Sympathetic stimulation speeds up conduction via which node in the heart?

Answer 12

AV node

Question 13

Sympathetic stimulation does what to the slope of pacemaker potential?

Answer 13

Increases

Question 14

Where is the cardiovascular centre?

Answer 14

Medulla

Question 15

The presence of extracellular ‘what’ is essential for cardiac contraction?

Answer 15

Calcium

Question 16

During ventricular contraction, what do the actin filaments do?

Answer 16

Slide on myocine

Question 17

Define stroke volume

Answer 17

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per heart beat

Question 18

What is the mean arterial blood pressure?

Answer 18

The average arterial bp in one cardiac cycle (systole and diastole)

It is determined by CO and TPR

Question 19

Intermittent claudication can be improved by…?

Answer 19

Exercise

Question 20

The internal mammary artery can be used as a graft in what type of surgery?

Answer 20

Coronary artery surgery

Question 21

The development of electrocardiographic ST segment depression on exercise supports the diagnosis of what…?

Answer 21

Ischaemic heart disease

Question 22

What is an anti-anginal medication?

Answer 22

Potassium channel activators

Question 23

A patient presents with an acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in a very rural area. He has recently had aggressive CPR. Can he be thrombolysed?

Answer 23

No

Question 24

On an ECG, ST segment depression on exercise is a sign of…?

Answer 24

Myocardial ischaemia

Question 25

An ECG shows dissociated ventricular and atrial activity. What could this be?

Answer 25

Complete 3rd degree heart block

Question 26

Can complete heart block cause a loss of consciousness?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Vagal stimulation increases/decreases the slopeof pacemaker potential

Answer 27

Decreases

Question 28

The main parasympathetic neurotransmitter in the cardiovascular system is...?

Answer 28

Acetylcholine

Question 29

What is the definition of tachycardia?

Answer 29

A heart rate of >100bpm

Question 30

Sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate by acting on what receptors in the heart?

Answer 30

Beta-1 receptors

Question 31

During the passive filling phase, what is the pressure in the atria and ventricles like?

Answer 31

Low/close to 0

Question 32

What valves are closed during isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

Answer 32

AV valves and semi-lunar valves

Question 33

80% of ventricular filling occurs actively/passivley

Answer 33

passively

Question 34

During isovolumetric relaxation is the aortic valve open or closed?

Answer 34

Closed as the pressure falls around a closed volume

Question 35

When does isovolumetric ventricular relaxation begin?

Answer 35

When the aortic valve closes

Question 36

In a STEMI when is angioplasty not indicated?

Answer 36

If the patient presents more than 12 hours after the onset of symptoms

Question 37

Following angioplasty what kind of antiplatelet therapy are patients given?

Answer 37

Dual antiplatelet therapy, aspirin and clopidogrel

Question 38

What is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and why does it develop?

Answer 38

Abnormally enlarged cardiac muscle as a result of a mutation to sarcomeric genes

Question 39

What type of pattern is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy inherited?

Answer 39

Autosomal dominant

Question 40

Following an MI what dietary advice can you give to a patient?

Answer 40

Increase intake of omega-3-fatty-acids