General Biology : Sir Nico's Materials Animal Tissues

Question 1

All connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as:

Answer 1

Mesenchyme

Question 1

Epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape.
__________________ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened.

Answer 1

Squamous

Question 2

All the following are examples of connective tissue except:

a. bones
b. ligaments

c. neurons
d. tendons

Answer 2

C. Neurons

Question 3

Of the two major cell types found
in nervous tissue, _________ cells are highly specialized to
generate and conduct electrical signals.

Answer 3

Neurons

Question 4

How many basic types of muscle tissue are there?

Answer 4

Four
connective tissue,
epithelial tissue,
muscle tissue,
nervous tissue

Question 5

levels of structural organization

Answer 5

Atom > Chemical Composition > Organelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ System > Organism

Question 6

is a sheet of cells that covers
a body surface or lines a body cavity. It

Answer 6

Epithelial Tissue

Question 7

Based on cell shape, epithelia are classified into three
categories:

Answer 7

• Squamous (scalelike)
• Cuboidal (cubelike)
• Columnar (column-shaped)

Question 8

epithelia consist of one layer of cells attached to the
basement membrane.

Answer 8

Simple

Question 9

epithelia consist of two or more layers of cells.

Answer 9

Stratified

Question 10

Supported by connective tissue. The cells are attached to
and supported by an adhesive

Answer 10

Basement Membrane

Question 11

There are, in addition, two less easily categorized types of
epithelia.

Answer 11

Pseudostratified Epithelium, Transitional Epithelium

Question 12

is actually a simple columnar
epithelium (one layer of cells), but because its cells vary
in height and the nuclei lie at different levels above the
basement membrane, it gives the false appearance of being
stratified. This epithelium is often ciliated.

Answer 12

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Question 13

is a rather peculiar stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded, or “plump,” cells with the ability to slide over one another to allow the organ to be stretched.

Answer 13

Transitional Epithelium

Question 14

• Single layer of flattened cells
  with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse
  cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia.
• Allows materials to pass by
  diffusion and filtration in sites where protection
  is not important; secretes lubricating
  substances in serosae.
• Kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs;
  lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic
  vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae).

Answer 14

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 15

Single layer of cubelike cells
with large, spherical central nuclei.

Secretion and absorption.

Kidney tubules; ducts and secretory
portions of small glands; ovary surface.

Answer 15

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 16

Single layer of tall cells with
round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia;
layer may contain mucus-secreting
unicellular glands (goblet cells).

Absorption; secretion of mucus,
enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type
propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary action.

Nonciliated type lines most of
the digestive tract (stomach to rectum),
gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some
glands; ciliated variety lines small bronchi,
uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

Answer 16

Simple columnar epithelium

Question 17

Single layer of cells of differing
heights, some not reaching the free surface;
nuclei seen at different levels; may contain
mucus-secreting goblet cells and bear cilia.

Secretes substances, particularly
mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action.

Nonciliated type in male’s
sperm-carrying ducts and ducts of large
glands; ciliated variety lines the trachea, most
of the upper respiratory tract.

Answer 17

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 18

Thick membrane composed of
several cell layers; basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active; surface cells are flattened (squamous); in the keratinized type, the surface cells are full of
keratin and dead; basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers.

Answer 18

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 19

Generally two
layers of cubelike cells.

Answer 19

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 20

Several cell layers;
basal cells usually cuboidal;
superficial cells elongated
and columnar.

Answer 20

Stratified columnar epithelium

Question 21

Resembles both stratified
squamous and stratified cuboidal; basal cells
cuboidal or columnar; surface cells dome
shaped or squamouslike, depending on
degree of organ stretch.

Answer 21

Transitional Epithelium

Question 22

Epithelial Tissues

Answer 22

• Simple squamous epithelium,
• Simple cuboidal epithelium,
• Simple columnar epithelium,
• Pseudostratified columnar epithelium,
• Stratified squamous epithelium,
• Stratified cuboidal epithelium,
• Stratified columnar epithelium,
• Transitional epithelium,

Question 23

Connective Tissues: Fibers

Answer 23

• Collagen fiber
• Elastic fiber
• Reticular fiber

Question 24

is composed chiefly of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. Depending on its specific composition, the ground substance may be liquid, semisolid, gel-like, or very hard.

Answer 24

Ground Substance

Question 25

Description: Embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers; star-shaped mesenchymal cells. Function: Gives rise to all other connective tissue types. Location: Primarily in embryo.

Answer 25

Embryonic connective tissue: mesenchyme

Question 26

Description: Gel-like matrix with all three fiber types; cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells. Function: Wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid. Location: Widely distributed under epithelia of body, e.g., forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries.

Answer 26

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

Question 27

Description: Matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet. Function: Provides reserve fuel; insulates against heat loss; supports and protects organs. Location: Under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts.

Answer 27

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

Question 28

Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network. Function: Fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages. Location: Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen).

Answer 28

Connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

Question 29

Description: Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: Attaches muscles to bones or to other muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction. Location: Tendons, most

Answer 29

Connective tissue proper: dense regular connective tissue

Question 30

Description: Dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers. Function: Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration. Location: Walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes.

Answer 30

Connective tissue proper: elastic connective tissue

Question 31

Description: Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast. Function: Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength. Location: Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract.

Answer 31

Connective tissue proper: dense irregular connective tissue

Question 32

Description: Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix. Function: Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility. Location: Supports the external ear (auricle); epiglottis.

Answer 32

Cartilage: elastic

Question 33

Description: Matrix similar to but less firm than matrix in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate. Function: Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock. Location: Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint.

Answer 33

Cartilage: fibrocartilage

Question 34

Description: Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae. Very well vascularized. Function: Bone supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis).

Answer 34

Bones (osseous tissue)

Question 35

Description: Red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma). Function: Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Location: Contained within blood vessels.

Answer 35

Blood

Question 36

Description: Neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonexcitable supporting cells. Function: Neurons transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands); supporting cells support and protect neurons. Location: Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Answer 36

Nervous Tissue

Question 37

the flesh of the body, is attached to the skeleton. It is under voluntary control (consciously controlled), and its contraction moves the limbs and other external body parts. The cells of skeletal muscles are long, cylindrical, non-branching, and multinucleate (several nuclei per cell), with the nuclei pushed to the periphery of the cells; they have obvious striations (stripes).

Answer 37

Skeletal Muscle

Question 38

is found only in the heart.

Answer 38

Cardiac Muscle

Question 39

Cardiac muscle, like skeletal muscle, has striations, but cardiac cells are branching uninucleate cells that interdigitate (fit together) at junctions called

Answer 39

Intercalated Discs

Question 40

is found mainly in the walls of hollow organs (digestive and urinary tract organs, uterus, blood

Answer 40

Skeletal Muscle