General Chemistry

Question 1

incomplete octet elements

Answer 1

elements that are stable with fewer than 8 valence e-

Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium, and Boron

Question 2

expanded octet elements

Answer 2

elements that can have more then 8 valence e-

any element with d orbital

Question 3

what does it mean when an element has high ionization energy?

Answer 3

that means it requires more energy to lose it’s next valence e-

Question 4

what holds ionic bonds together?

Answer 4

electrostatic energy

Question 5

what is a coordinate covalent bond?

Answer 5

a covalent bond where both of the shared e- originally came from only one of the elements sharing them;

EX: when the lone pair of a N attacks the un-hybridized orbital of B

Question 6

what does it mean when an element has high electron affinity?

Answer 6

it means that it takes less energy to obtain an e- from another element

Question 7

What is the bond order?

Answer 7

the number of e- shared btw any 2 atoms

single bond = bond order 1; double = 2; triple = 3

Question 8

define bond energy

Answer 8

energy required to break down a compound into elements in gaseous atomic states

Question 9

what are the 7 naturally occuring diatomic elements?

Answer 9

H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I

Question 10

polar bonds occur at what range of electronegativity differences?

Answer 10

btw 0.5 and 1.7

Question 11

What is the equation for a dipole moment?

Answer 11

p = qd

p = dipole moment in Coulomb - meters, q = magnitude of charge, d = displactment vector

Question 12

What is a Lewis acid?

Answer 12

a compound that will donate a pair of electrons

Question 13

What is a Lewis base?

Answer 13

a compound that will accept a pair of electrons

Question 14

what is the difference btw formal charges and oxidation numbers?

Answer 14

Formal charges fail to take into account electronegative differences btw atoms, while oxidation numbers overestimate the effect of electronegative differences

Question 15

what is VESPR?

Answer 15

valence shell electron pair repulsion theory

Question 16

What is electronic geometry?

Answer 16

molecular geometry including lone pairs

EX: NH3 has tetrahedral electronic geometry

Question 17

What is molecular geometry?

Answer 17

The geometry of the molecule NOT INCLUDING lone pairs

EX: NH3 is a trigonal pyramid

Question 18

what is the ideal bond angle for sp3?

Answer 18

109.5

Question 19

What is the ideal bond angle for sp2?

Answer 19

120

Question 20

what is the difference btw a bonding and a non-bonding orbital?

Answer 20

A bonding orbital is a molucular orbital that is formed by 2 atomic orbitals with the same wave sign. A non-bonding orbital is formed by 2 atoms orbitals that have opposite wave signs.

Question 21

what are all the possible molecular geometries?

Answer 21

linear, bent, trigonal planar, trig. pyramidal, trig. bipyramidal, tetrahedral, octahedral, t-shaped

Question 22

which intermolecular forces are responsible for condensation of noble gases?

Answer 22

van der Waals, aka London dispersion forces

Question 23

Is a N - C bond considered polar?

Answer 23

yes

Question 24

Is an O - C bond considered polar?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

Is a S - C bond considered polar?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

How does molecular shape effect dipole moments?

Answer 26

If a molecule is more linear, the dipole moment can accumulate uninterrupted over a longer distance; but if the molecule is bent, branched, or has more than one dipole within the dipole effect is diminished.

Question 27

What is the major difference btw liquids and gases?

Answer 27

Gases are compressible, but liquids are not