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MS 3 Final > General Medical, Environmental Considerations & Heat-Related Conditions > Flashcards

General Medical, Environmental Considerations & Heat-Related Conditions Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Acute Asthma

A

Chronic inflammatory disorder of airways

Symptoms: Wheezing, cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath

Severe signs = send to ER: Cyanosis, accessory muscle use, can’t speak in full sentences

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2
Q

Acute Asthma

A

Care:
Peak Flow meter

MDI (Metered-Dose Inhaler) with spacer

Call 911 if symptoms escalate

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3
Q

Assisting with an MDI:

A

Shake canister, remove cap.

“Breathe out.”

Press canister down while person takes a long slow breath.

“Hold your breath for 10 seconds.”

Rinse mouth with water.

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4
Q

Most common chronic lung disease =

A

Acute Asthma

8.3% (26.5 million) of Americans have asthma

9.4% of children under 19 in U.S.

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5
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Allergic Reactions

Treatment: Epinephrine (EpiPen), antihistamines

Medical emergency → Call 911

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6
Q

Seizures

A

Protect patient from injury

Do not restrain

Call 911 if prolonged or repeated

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7
Q

Burns

A

Stop → remove heat source

Cool → 10 mins with drinkable water

Cover → sterile dressing

Call 911 for critical burns

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8
Q

Critical burns:

A

Large percentage of body

Hands, feet, head, neck, face, groin

Impaired breathing

Vulnerable population

Deep

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9
Q

Poison / Overdose

A

Poison Help: 1-800-222-1222

Overdose: Naloxone, EMS, Good Samaritan Law

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10
Q

Heat Stress/Hyperthermia

A

Body is constantly trying to maintain ~98.6ºF

Two forces act on body to increase heat:
environment (external force)
metabolism (internal force)

As body heat increases, core body temp. increases =
activates heat loss mechanisms

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11
Q

Heat Loss Mechanisms

A

Vasodilation

Sweating = evaporates, cools skin
#1 heat loss mechanism during exercise!!

Dependent on:
temp. and relative humidity of air
surface of skin exposed
air currents

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12
Q

Evaporation of sweat is severely impaired when relative humidity reaches__ and virtually stops when it reaches __

A

65%

75%

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13
Q

Continued exercise results in:

A

increase body temp

increase sweat fluid loss

decrease plasma blood volume

Body starts water conservation = Heat control mechanisms shut down

result = increase body temperature (hyperthermia)

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14
Q

Heat-related Conditions

A

Heat Syncope
Heat Cramps
Heat Exhaustion
Heat Stroke
Hyponatremia

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15
Q

Heat Syncope

A

Collapse, dizziness, nausea

causes: not acclimatized, peripheral vasodilation, blood pooling

care: Rest, elevate legs, hydrate

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16
Q

Heat Cramps

A

Painful muscle spasms

cause: Imbalances in H2O and electrolytes

care: Stop activity, stretch, fluids, electrolytes

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17
Q

Heat Exhaustion

A

Weak, pale, dizzy, normal temp/CNS, light-headedness

Excessive sweating

cause: Ineffective circulatory adjustments

care: Shade, rest, fluids, ice towels

Recovery may take 24 hours.
Okay to sleep

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18
Q

Excessive sweating:

A

Symptomatic DEHYDRATION

(>3-4% Body weight loss of fluids)

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19
Q

Heat Stroke

A

CNS dysfunction, >104°F core temp

may or may not have perspiration
red, hot, dry skin
strong and rapid pulse
vomiting, seizures, headache, fatigue, vertigo
loss of consciousness

cause: Thermoregulatory system is overloaded - Body’s cooling mechanisms fail

care: EMS! Cold water immersion

Cool first – transport second

If untreated, death is imminent.

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20
Q

Brain damage can begin @ __F

A

106

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21
Q

Immediate and Rapid Cooling

Heat Stroke Treatment

A

Cold water (35-50oF) immersion until rectal temp is 101oF

Remove clothing, equipment

Monitor vitals, ABCs

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22
Q

Skill: Rectal Thermometry

A

Drape the patient appropriately for privacy

Position the patient on their side with their top knee and hip flexed forward

Make sure the probe is cleaned with isopropyl alcohol

Lubricate the probe

Make sure the probe is plugged into the thermometer

Turn the thermometer on

Insert the probe 10 centimeters past the anal sphincter

If you meet resistance while inserting, stop and remove the probe, then try again

Leave the probe in for the duration of treatment.

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23
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Confusion, swelling, low sodium, headache, nausea, bloating, “puffy”, seizures

** CNS dysfunction Sx
**Core temperature not elevated

cause: Water intoxication = Excessive H2O, low sodium intake

Usually from > 4 hours of exercise

care: Restrict fluids, sodium intake

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24
Q

Acute Exertional Rhabdomyolysis

A

Sudden destruction of skeletal muscle

Leakage of proteins and enzymes into vascular system

MEDICAL EMERGENCY

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25
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Settings:
Intense exertional effort Often in hot & humid conditions Rapid conditioning or non-familiar exercise Pre-season, off-season, Basic Training May be acute onset or manifest hours after the insult
26
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis Signs & Symptoms
Pain/weakness out of proportion Usually involves large M. groups Intense pain with passive stretch Swelling in extremities “Tight” M. compartments Dark color urine In severe cases: sudden collapse, renal failure, and/or death
27
Sickle Cell Trait & Exertional Sickling
Rhabdo associated with: “Sickle Cell Trait” 1 in 12 African Americans African, Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, Indian, Caribbean, and South and Central American ancestry
28
Sickle Cell Trait & Exertional Sickling Prevention:
NCAA D1 screening requirements: Slow progression to intense exercise Longer periods of rest & recovery Exclude from intense exercise and tests Acclimate to heat Proper fluid intake
29
Acclimatization
Physiological adaptation to hot environment Takes 10–14 days First several exercise sessions light, 15-20min = Progressively increase in duration and intensity
30
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT)
heat stress index used to assess environmental conditions and the risk of heat illness during physical activity. Unlike regular temperature readings, it incorporates: 🌬 Air temperature 💧 Humidity ☀️ Sun (radiant heat) 💨 Wind speed better reflects actual heat stress on the body than just temperature or heat index
31
___ BW dehydration -> Decreased performance
1-2%
32
Recommendations for Fluid Replacement
17–20 oz 2–3 hrs before 7–10 oz every 10–20 min Use urine color as a hydration check Replenish electrolytes for activities >60 minutes
33
Urination should occur every ___ hours when hydrated appropriately.
2-3
34
Electrolyte Replacement
Powerade, Gatorade, etc. Controversial studies General consensus: for activity lasting longer than 60 minutes Avoid beverages or foods that increase or stimulate urine production caffeine, alcohol, carbonated beverages
35
With a temp drop to 68oF, we must:
double our resting metabolism to avoid hypothermia
36
Hypothermia: Heat Loss
55-65% Radiation 15% Convection 15% Conduction 20-30% Evaporation (& Respiration)
37
Hypothermia: Prevention
Clothing Exposure to elements Well-hydrated Eating regularly Avoid caffeine/alcohol Stay active Know weather conditions before you go.
38
Mild Hypothermia
The “umbles” “Fumbles” with complex tasks “Grumbles” – confusion, sluggish thinking “Mumbles” – slurred speech “Stumbles” – altered gait
39
Moderate Hypothermia
A worsening of the “umbles” Uncontrollable shivering Confusion, unusual behavior Impaired judgment
40
Mild to Moderate Hypothermia Care
Remove wet clothing Shelter from wind, weather Insulate: do not rub skin Passive external re-warming > Body to body > Warm blankets, hat > Cover exposed skin > Hot water bottles/stones near body Warm (or cool!) fluids Exercise/movement if possible
41
Severe Hypothermia
Shivering stops Muscle rigidity Stupor -> coma Semiconscious or unconscious Significantly lower HR and RR May be difficult to detect Not complaining
42
Severe Hypothermia Care
Handle patients very carefully! Avoid active external re-warming; leads to increased afterdrop “Burrito” wrap CPR? “Not dead until warm & dead.” Decreased O2 requirements
43
Frostbite
White, waxy skin Cover with dry material Gentle rewarming = Warm air, warm body, warm water Do not rewarm if it will get cold again!
44
Lightning Safety Flash-to-Bang Rule:
Time b/w lightning bolt and thunder clap will tell you how far away it is Count seconds → divide by 5 = miles away <30 sec = danger @ 30s (6 miles) = imminent danger!
45
30/30 Rule:
If a flash-to-bang of 30 seconds is observed, activity should be suspended and individuals should be in a safe shelter for 30 minutes. Restart the clock after each thunder/lightning. Waiting 30 min. allows the storm to be about 10-12 miles away from area, minimizing lightning strike possibility.
46
Effects of Lightning Injury
Cardiac arrest Anoxic brain damage Brain injury symptoms including: > Short-term memory loss > Deficits in new information processing > Severe and ongoing headaches > Hyperirritability > Sleep disturbances > Distractibility Chronic pain syndromes Seizures Burns
47
Safe Shelter/Spot
Primary choice: Any substantial, inhabited, grounded building. Secondary choice: fully enclosed vehicle w/ metal roof and windows closed Move downhill Do NOT be the tallest point, or near the tallest point Do NOT contact metal Get out of the water and onto shore Spread groups out 100 feet (stay visible)
48
Lightning Safe Position
Crouched on ground/insulating surface Weight on balls of feet (minimize ground contact) Feet together Head lowered Ears covered Eyes closed Minimize body surface area, minimize contact w/ ground. Individuals who feel their hair stand on end or skin tingle, or hear crackling noises may be in imminent danger of a lightning strike.
49
Pre-hospital Care
Move victim to safe location if appropriate Lightning injured individuals do NOT carry an electrical charge Evaluate and treat for apnea and asystole (CPR & defibrillation if necessary) Evaluate and treat for apnea and asystole (CPR & defibrillation if necessary)
50
Altitude-Related Emergencies
“Less oxygen” at altitude Less driving pressure for gas exchange in the lungs
51
Progressive! “Climb high, sleep low.”
Start no higher than 8000 ft Progress no more than 1000 to 1500 ft per night Higher carbohydrate diet (70% or more) Stay well hydrated
52
@ Altitude:
increased: Respiration rate & depth Stroke volume
53
Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS)
Headache, nausea, fatigue Rx: Acclimatize, possibly descend Prevention is key: Acclimatization!
54
High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE)
Fluid in the lungs Breathlessness (at rest), cough, cyanosis Rx: Descend RAPIDLY & IMMEDIATELY, O₂ - seek medical attention
55
High-Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE)
Swelling in the brain Progresses rapidly  fatal w/in hours Ataxia, confusion, rapid progression Changes in mental status CNS dysfunction (e.g. ataxia) Rx: Descend RAPIDLY & IMMEDIATELY, O₂ - seek medical attention
56
Stroop Test
simple, fast, and widely used cognitive assessment tool often used in concussion screening or to detect neurological dysfunction Participants are shown a list of color words (like "red", "blue", "green") where the ink color might differ from the written word The word “Red” printed in blue ink → the participant must say “blue,” not “red.”
57
Submersion Incidents (Drowning)
Survival time measured in minutes @ 32o F = Water conducts heat 100X air
58
Sudden cold immersion causes reflex gasp and tachypnea
hyperventilation/panic -> confusion and tetany Increased risk of aspiration and drowning
59
Submersion Incidents
REACH THROW ROW GO* *Must have appropriate training in water rescue!
60
Care for a drowned person:
LOC ABCDEs In-line stabilization if suspected neck injury If not breathing: give 2 Rescue Breaths You may have to reposition the head CPR Roll person if they vomit Shock, hypothermia

MS 3 Final (13 decks)

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