General Morphology And Surface Structure Flashcards
Who was Louis Pierre Gratiolet?
French Anatomist
Provided the first accurate description of
the cerebral lobes and cerebral sulci in 1854
What are the parts of the cerebrum?
The CEREBRUM is composed of 2 cerebral hemispheres separated by the interhemispheric fissure (longitudinal fissure)
The corpus callosum connects the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Each Cerebral Hemisphere can be divided:
• 3 surfaces: lateral, medial, and basal
• 3 margins: superior, inferolateral, and medial
• 3 poles: frontal, temporal, and occipital
• 5 lobes: frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, insula (hidden)
Describe the lateral aspects of the cerebrum
Lobes
FRONTAL LOBE
Posteriorly: central sulcus
Inferiorly: sylvian fissure (posterior)
PARIETAL LOBE
Anteriorly: Central sulcus
Inferiorly: Sylvian fissure, occipitotemporal line Posteriorly: lateral parietotemporal line
TEMPORAL LOBE
Superiorly: Sylvian fissure, occipitotemporal line Posteriorly: lateral parietotemporal line
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Anteriorly: lateral parietotemporal lin
What are the parts of the frontal lobe?
Frontal lobe: • Superior frontal gyrus • Middle frontal gyrus • Inferior frontal gyrus: • Pars opercularis • Pars triangularis • Pars orbitalis • Precentral gyrus
What are the parts of the parietal lobe?
Parietal lobe:
• Superior parietal lobule
• Inferior parietal lobule:
• Supramarginal gyrus
• Angular gyrusWhat are the parts of the temporal lobe?
Temporal lobe:
• Superior temporal gyrus
• Middle temporal gyrus
• Inferior temporal gyrus
What is the Brodmann area?
German anatomist Korbinian Brodmann introduced the cytoarchitechtonic mapping of the brain in 1909
He used the Nissl’s method for neuronal staining
Each hemisphere is composed of 52 Brodmann Areas (BA)
Most of the Brodmann areas have been correlated with specific cortical functions
What are the fuctional motorr areas of the cerebral cortex?
Primary Motor Areas
Secondary Motor Areas
Tertiary Motor Areas
What are the functional sensory areas of the cerebral cortex?
Primary Sensory Areas
Secondary Sensory Areas
Tertiary Sensory Areas
What are te functional association areas of the cerebral cortex?
P arieto-Temporo- Occipital Association Area
Prefrontal Association Cortex
Limbic Association Cortex
What are the functional areas of the frontal lobe?
Primary Motor Cortex (BA 4)
Premotor Cortex (BA 6)
Frontal Eye Field (BA 8)
Prefrontal Association Area (Prefrontal Cortex) Broca Area (BA 44 & 45)
What are the parts of the motor cortex?
Primary Motor Cortex: send directly motor fibers to the spinal cord via the corticospinal tract (Brodmann Area 4)
Premotor Cortex: planning movements based on visual and other sensory cues (Brodmann Area 6)
Supplementary Motor Area: retrieves and coordinates memorized motor sequences (Brodmann Area 6)
What and where is the Frontal Eye Field?
Brodmann Area 8
Located in the posterior part of the middle frontal gyrus
Control the voluntary saccadic eye movement
Stimulation produces conjugate contralateral eye deviation
Inhibition produces conjugate ipsilateral eye deviation
What and where are the prefrontal cortex?
The prefrontal cortex is located anterior to the motor cortex
Functions:
- Medial prefrontal region is important in motivation, spatial memory, and bi-manual coordination
- Lateral prefrontal region provides the cognitive foundation of patterns of behavior, orientation, reasoning
- Orbital prefrontal region participates in impulse control, emotional processing, and maintaining attention
Describe the case of the legendary phineas gage
In 1848 an iron rod destroyed his prefrontal cortex area
Notably changed his personality, became irreverent, irritable, quick-tempered.
His memory, speech and motor skills were nor
What is the Broca Area?
Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the dominant hemisphere, just anterior to the precentral gyrus
Brodmann Area 44 & 45
This area is responsible for the production of language (a lesion produces Broca aphasia)
What are the functional areas of the parietal lobe?
Primary Somatosensory Cortex (BA 3, 1 & 2)
Somatosensory Association Cortex (BA 5 & 7)
Visual Association Cortex (BA 39)
What is the function of the primary sensory cortex?
Located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Brodmann Areas 3,1 and 2
Receives sensory information directly from the thalamus
Sensory homunculus (somatotopic organization)
Function: localization of sensory stimul
What is the purpose of the Somatosensory Association Cortex?
Located posterior to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, in the superior parietal lobule and the supramarginal gyrus
Brodmann Areas 5 & 7
Function: recognizes patterns from integration of palpatory sensory information
What is the visual association cortex?
Located in the angular gyrus of the inferior parietal lobule
Brodmann Area 39
Function: integrates visual sensory information for pattern recognition
Whhat are the functional areas of the temporal lobe?
Primary Auditory Cortex (BA 41 & 42)
Wernicke Area (BA 22)
Primary Olfactory Cortex (BA 34)
Fusiform Face Area (BA 37)
What is the function of the Primary Auditory Cortex BA 41 & 42?
Located in the transverse gyrus (Heschel’s gyrus) of the temporal lobe
Receives input from the medial geniculate body
Lesion produces hearing loss
What is Wernicke Area BA 22?
Located in the superior temporal gyrus, extending around the lateral sulcus into the parietal lobe (dominant hemisphere)
Function: comprehension of both signed and spoken language, allowing assign meaning to symbols
Where is the primary olfactory cortex BA 34?
Located in the medial surface of the temporal lobe, in the uncus and entorhinal area (anterior part of the parahippocampal gyrus), the limen insulae, and part of the amygdala
