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GENERAL PARASITOLOGY > General Parasitology - LEC 3 (NEMATODES) > Flashcards

General Parasitology - LEC 3 (NEMATODES) Flashcards

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1
Q

Nematodes General Characteristics

A
  • Unsegmented
  • Possesses mouth (buccal cavity), esophagus, and anus (important in further diagnosis
  • In general sexes separate (Dioecious)
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2
Q

Where is the nematodes’ buccal cavity located?

A

In the anterior part of the adult parasite

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3
Q

Where is the anus of nematodes located?

A

Near terminal portion

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4
Q

Nematodes reproduction

A

Oviparous, Larviparous/Viviparous, Oviviparous

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5
Q

Depositing larvae rather than eggs.

A

Larviparous/Viviparous

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6
Q

(Nematode) Infection by

A
  • Ingestion of eggs, or
  • Penetration of larvae through surfaces
  • Arthropod vector
  • Ingestion of encysted larvae
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7
Q

Cestodes General Characteristics

A
  • Segmented – known as proglottids
  • Possess, scolex, neck, and proglottids
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Reproduction
  • Oviparous
  • Sometimes reproduction within larval forms
    -Infection generally by encysted larvae
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8
Q

Trematodes General Characteristics

A
  • Unsegmented
  • Leaflike or cylindrical
  • Generally hermaphroditic
  • Reproduction
  • Oviparous
  • Multiplication within larval forms
  • Infection mainly by larval stages entering intestinal tract sometimes through the skin
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9
Q

Most abundant & widespread animal group

Many species are free-living in fresh or salt water, mud, or soil while others are considered parasites of both animals & plants

A

Nematodes

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10
Q

thread = “_____”

A

nema

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11
Q

Adult Nematode Characteristics

A

Elongated, cylindrical, bilaterally symmetrical, unsegmented with tapering ends

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12
Q

Nematode Body is covered with tough cuticle which may be
_______, ______, _______ or _____

A

smooth, striated, bossed or spiny

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13
Q

Trichinella spiralis size

A

<5 mm

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14
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis size

A

<5 mm

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15
Q

Dracunculus medinensis size

A

1 m

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16
Q

Male (nematodes) are generally _________ than females & their posterior end is curved or coiled ventrally

A

smaller

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17
Q

Nematodes’ Body cavity has a

A
  • high hydrostatic pressure
  • straight digestive tract with an anteriorly terminal mouth (buccal cavity)
  • posteriorly subterminal anus
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18
Q

Excretory & nervous systems are rudimentary, circulatory system is absent, & the body wall consists of an outer layer of cuticle & an inner layer of longitudinal muscles

Separate sexes (diecious

A

Nematodes

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19
Q

Nematodes Male Reproductive System:

A
  • Testis/penis – spicule
  • vas deferens
  • seminal vesicle
  • ejaculatory duct that opens into the cloaca
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20
Q

(found in the terminal region of the parasite, sa posterior part)

A

Spicule

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21
Q

Female reproductive system:

A
  • Ovary
  • Oviduct
  • seminal receptacle
  • uterus
  • vagina
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22
Q

laying eggs, nagproproduce at nangingitlog

A

Oviparous

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23
Q

Parasites that lay unsegmented eggs

A

Ascaris lumbricoides
Trichuris trichiura

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24
Q

Parasites that lay egg with segmented ova

A

Ancylostoma duodenale
Necator americanus

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25
giving birth to larvae, hindi nangingitlog, kundi nanganganak
Viviparous
26
Viviparous Parasites
Dracunculus medinensis Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Trichinella spiralis
27
laying eggs containing larvae which are immediately hatched out, lays their egg with larva which are immediately hatched out, nangingitlog but their egg is madaling mapisa and magiging larva
Ovoviviparous
28
Ovoviviparous parasite
Strongyloides stercoralis
29
Ascaris lumbricoides daily output of eggs
>200,000 eggs/female/day
30
Strongyloides stercoralis daily output of eggs
few eggs/female/day
31
Nematodes Has ____ life history stage
five
32
Infective stage is usually
third stage larva (L3 Larva)
33
Man is optimum hots, except:
- Trichinella spiralis (pig is optimum host, man is the alternative host)
34
Optimum host
Definitive host
35
Alternative host
Intermediate host
36
Only requotes ONE host, except the superfamilies ___________ and ___________
Dracunculoidea and Filarioidea
37
no. of host of Dracunculoidea and Filarioidea
– 2 hosts, 1 definitive and 1 intermediate which is an insect vector
38
Parasites that belong to Dracunculoidea superfamily:
Dracunculus medinensis ( 1 definitive and 1 intermediate host, snail and cyclop/copepod)
39
Parasites that belong to Filarioidea superfamily:
Wuchureria bancrofti Brugia malayi Onchocerca volvulus Dirofilaria immits Dirofilaria repens Dirofilaria conjuctivae Loa loa Mansonella perstans Mansonella sterptocerca Mansonella ozzardi
40
Intestinal (STHs)
› Ascaris lumbricoides › Trichuris trichiura › Strongyloides stercoralis › Necator americanus › Ancylostoma duodenale › Enterobius vermicularis
41
Tissue Dwelling
Trichinella spiralis – resides in the smooth muscles
42
Blood and Tissue (Lymphatic and Non-lymphatic Filariasis)
› Brugia malayi › Wuchureria bancrofti › Loa loa › Mansonella ozzardi › Mansonella perstans › Mansonella streptocerca › Onchocerca volvulus › Dirofilaria immitis
43
Infections caused by helminths of the Class Nematoda that requires the soil as its medium of further development & continuous life cycle In the soil, larvae develop inside the egg (embryonated egg)
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis
44
embryonation would take place with the presence of the
soil
45
All STHs reside in the small intestine, except ________ which resides in the large intestine
T. trichiura
46
A. lumbricoides - Common Name
Giant intestinal roundworm
47
A. lumbricoides - Geographical Distribution
Worldwide
48
A. lumbricoides - Prevalence
Most prevalent helminth infection, 25% of lumen helminthiasis
49
A. lumbricoides - Pathogenesis
Enteritis, inflammation, obstruction, toxicity, eosinophilia, hemorrhage, trauma by penetrating adults
50
A. lumbricoides - Habitat
Small intestine
51
A. lumbricoides - Intermediate Host
None
52
A. lumbricoides - Reservoir host
Swine
53
A. lumbricoides - Infective form
Embryonated egg
54
A. lumbricoides - Mode of Infection
Ingestion
55
A. lumbricoides - Specimen of Choice
Feces
56
A. lumbricoides - OVUM
- Size: 35x50mcm - Shape: Oval to round - Color: Hyaline (brownish in color) - Operculum: None (non-operculated)
57
is a cap from which worms hatch from the egg
Operculum
58
T/F Cestodes and nematodes are operculated.
True
59
A. lumbricoides - CORTICATED (OUTER MAMILLATED, ALBUMINOID LAYER)
- Size: 45x60mcm - Shape: Oval, elongated, somewhat rectangular - Color: Brown cortication, hyaline shell wall - Operculum: None - Content: Yolk mass - Fertilized: Organized; pulled away from wall - Unfertilized: Disorganized; fills the shell
60
Outer mammillated albumin layer (+)
Corticated egg -Oval, bile-stain, floats in brine
61
Outer mammilated albumin layer (-)
Decorticated egg -Floats in brine
62
produced by female worms in the absence of male worms
Unfertilized egg Narrower, longer, bile-stain, heavy, does not float in brine
63
___________ eggs are the heaviest egg.
Unfertilized
64
Fecal Concentration Technique
Sedimentation and Flotation
65
(Fecal Concentration Technique) Sedimentation
- Formalin Ethyl Acetate Concentration - Acid Ether Concentration Technique - Iodine Formation Concentration Technique
66
(Fecal Concentration Technique) Flotation
- Brine Flotation Technique - Zinc Sulfate Technique - Sheather’s Sugar Flotation
67
Under flotation technique, you cannot see unfertilized egg because it’s a heavy egg = they cannot float, instead we use the
Sedimentation Technique
68
A. lumbricoides - ADULT
- Size: Male 15-30cm, Female 20 - 35cm - Shape: Round and slender, male has curved tail (posterior end) - Color: Creamy-white with a pinkish cast - Buccal structures: Three fine toothed lips (1 dorsal & 2 ventral) - Since may lips, may teeth din sila
69
a picture taken from Scanning Electron Microscope
Micrograph
70
If the Ascaris lumbricoides (the embryonated egg) is ingested by human, it will become _____________ of the parasite
rhabditiform larva
71
If there is a larva inside the body, pwedeng mag-migrate sa lungs hindi lang ung intestine ung maparasitize –
heart lung migration
72
Ascaris lumbricoides also known as
"the constant wanderer"
73
disease caused by A. lumbricoides which migrated to other organ
Extra-intestinal Ascariasis
74
All STHs are capable of heart lung migration (ASH –Ascaris, Strongyloides, Hookworm) EXCEPT!!! _____________
Trichuris trichiura
75
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Common Name
Whipworm
76
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Geographical Distribution
Worldwide
77
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Pathogenesis
Eosinophilia, sever anemia, hemorrhage, rectal prolapse in extreme cases
78
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Habitat
Large intestines, cecum
79
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Intermediate Host
None
80
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Reservoir Host
Monkey, swine
81
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Infective form
Embryonated egg
82
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Mode of Infection
Ingestion
83
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - Specimen of choice
Feces
84
the type of WBC for parasites (antiparasitic activity)
Eosinophil
85
high amount of eosinophil in the body
Eosinophilia
86
indicates that a patient may have parasitic infection particularly helminthiasis
High Eosinophil
87
Tt barrows itself in the large intestine, penetrate the lumen of the intestine; consumes some blood
Severe Anemia
88
opening of the intestine
Lumen
89
Blood (REVIEW!!!!)
1. RBC (Erythrocytes, normocytes) 2. WBC (leukocytes) - Granular – Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil - Agranular – leukocyte, lymphocytes, monocytes (cell), macrophage (tissue) 3. Platelets (thrombocytes)
90
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - OVUM
- Size: 20x55mcm - Shape: Football, barrel-shaped with bipolar plugs - Color: Golden brown - Operculum: Absent - Content: Yolk mass, rare larva seen
91
– flattened bipolar plug ORDER: Enoplida
Capillaria philippinensis
92
TRICHURIS TRICHIURA - ADULT
- Size: Male 30 - 45 mm, Female 35 - 50 mm - Shape: Thick posterior and whip-like anterior - Anterior end (3/5th) of the body: very thin, hair-like (this part burrows inside intestinal mucosa) - Posterior end (2/5th) of the body: hangs out from intestinal mucosa to mate (contains reproductive tract) - Female posterior end is comma-shaped (arc) - Color: Flesh-colored
93
Sabit sabit lang while copulating
Trichuris Trichiura
94
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Common Name
Old world hookworm
95
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Geographic Distribution
Europe, Asia; becoming worldwide
96
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Pathogenesis
Lesions of intestinal mucosa, anemia (chronic nutritional deficiency type), eosinophilia, pneumonitis, erythema, dyspnea They have teeth Causes IDA – Iron Deficiency Anemia
97
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Habitat
Small intestine
98
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Intermediate Host
None
99
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Reservoir host
Hogs, dogs, cats, lions, tigers, and gorillas
100
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Infective form
Filariform Larva
101
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Mode of Infection
Penetration of the skin Active skin penetration
102
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - Specimen choice
Feces
103
The stage of parasite at which it can enter, the host and continue development within the host; stage of the parasites that transmits or causes the disease
Infective Stage
104
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - OVUM
- Size: 40x60 mcm - Shape: Oval with bluntly rounded ends - Color: Hyaline - Operculum: Absent - Content: Yolk mass usually in cleavage (larva) - Shell Wall: Thin, single layer
105
ANCYLOSTOMA DUODENALE - ADULT
- Size: Male 18 - 11 mm, Female 10 - 13 mm - Shape: Cylindrical; head is curved dorsally - Color: grayish-white - Buccal Structures: Two prominent pairs of teeth sa ventral surface, and 2 knob like of the dorsal surface (6 teeth) › 4/2 pairs of hook like teeth on the ventral surface › 2 knob like on the dorsal surface - Copulatory Bursa– Male - Paired Copulatory Spicules– Separated (2 Penis) - Small paired Dorsal Rays – Tripartite
106
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Common Name
New World Hookworm/ American Murderer
107
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Geographical Distribution
Western Hemisphere
108
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Pathogenesis
Inflammation of intestinal mucosa, anemia (chronic nutritional deficiency type), diarrhea, pneumonitis, eosinophilia
109
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Habitat
Small intestine
110
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Intermediate Host
None
111
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Reservoir host
None
112
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Infective Host
Filariform larva
113
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Mode of infection
Active penetration
114
NECATOR AMERICANUS - Specimen of choice
Feces
115
NECATOR AMERICANUS - OVUM
- Size: 40x60 mcm - Shape: Oval with bluntly rounded ends - Color: Hyaline - Operculum: Absent - Content: Yolk mass usually in cleavage (larva) - Shell Wall: Thin, single layer
116
NECATOR AMERICANUS - ADULT
- Size: Smaller than A. duodenale; Male 5 - 9 mm, Female 9 - 11 mm - Shape: Cylindrical; head is sharply dorsally curved - Color: Grayish-white - Buccal Structures: prominent ventral and dorsal semilunar cutting plates - Copulatory Bursa – Male - Paired Copulatory Spicules – Fused with a terminal barb - Small Paired Dorsal Rays – Bipartite
117
has 4 hook-like teeth on ventral surface & 2 knob-like teeth on dorsal surface
A. duodenale
118
has 4 chitinous plates (2 each on ventral & dorsal surfaces)
N. americanus
119
CHARACTERISTIC OF HOOKWORM DENTITION
N. americanus - semi-luna cutting plate A. braziliense - 2 pairs of teeth A. caninum - 3 pairs of teeth A. duodenale - 2 pair of teeth
120
– can cause human hookworm infection
* Necator americanus * Anyclostoma duodenale
121
larva migrans (cutaneous larva migrans)
* Ancylostoma braziliense – cat hookworm * Ancylostoma caninum – dog hookworm
122
Strongyloides stercoralis - Common Name
Threadworm
123
Strongyloides stercoralis - Geographical Distribution
Worldwide
124
Strongyloides stercoralis - Pathogenesis
Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation, eosinophilia, anemia, recurrent diarrhea, secondary bacterial infections, biliary and pancreatic inflammation
125
Strongyloides stercoralis - Habitat
Small intestine
126
Strongyloides stercoralis - Intermediate Host
None
127
Strongyloides stercoralis - Reservoir Host
Perhaps dogs and apes
128
Strongyloides stercoralis - Infective form
Filariform larva
129
Strongyloides stercoralis - Mode of infection
Active penetration
130
Strongyloides stercoralis - Specimen of choice
Feces
131
Strongyloides stercoralis - OVUM
Rarely seen in the stool because it hatches in the small intestine, so you will find rhabditiform larvae in feces instead; similar to Hookworm species egg; may contain a larva
132
lays eggs, but hatches sa loob nung parent or parasite, egg hatches to rhabditiform larva
Ovoviviparous
133
Strongyloides stercoralis - RHABDITIFORM LARVA
- Size: 250 mcm - Buccal Cavity: Short - Genital Primordium: large and conspicuous - Tail: Short and stubby
134
Strongyloides stercoralis - ADULT
- Size: Male less than 1mm; seen only in free living cycle, Female 1 mm for the free living, 2 mm for the parasitic - Shape: Very slender, threadlike, male has a curved tail - Color: Colorless; semitransparent - Buccal Structures: Short buccal cavity - Copulatory Bursa: Absent - Spicules: Two
135
Since hookworm eggs look similar to Strongyloides eggs, culture of feces ____________, ______________, ___________ allows the larvae to hatch in lab conditions. Larvae of these 2 species can now be differentiated.
- Harada-Mori - Sand & Charcoal/Baermann - Koga Agar Plate Culture
136
buhayin outside the body to liberate rhabditiform and filariform para makita if hookworm or threadworm
Culture
137
FILARIFORM has long esophagus, notched tail putol
S. stercoralis
138
FILARIFORM has short esophagus, pointed tail
Hookworm
139
RHABDITIFORM has buccal cavity shorter, genital primordium more prominent
S. stercoralis
140
RHABDITIFORM has longer buccal cavity, genital primordium inconspicuous
Hookworm
141
STH CONTROL
Step 1: Deworming/Anti-helminthic drug therapy Step 2: Improvement of Sanitation Step 3: Health Education
142
; kills worms by blocking glucose uptake of larvae, depletes glycogen storage of adult worms, decrease ATP so parasites immobilized & die; ovicidal for ascariasis
Albendazole
143
kills worms by inhibiting microtubule formation > no cytoskeleton → adults immobilized & die; also impairs glucose uptake & ATP formation
Mebendazole
144
used in pxs allergic to the above drugs; paralyzes the worms so worms expelled in stool along with bowel motion; not effective for strongyloidiasis & trichuriasis
Pyrantel pamoate
145
for S. stercoralis since it does not respond to albendazole & mebendazole
Ivermectin thiabendazole
146
Other Deworming/Anti-helminthic drug therapy
Levamisole, Piperazine
147
human feces used as fertilizer
"night soil"

GENERAL PARASITOLOGY (7 decks)

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