General Path Flashcards by Poopy McPoopson

Disolution of Chromatin

Karyolysis

in apoptosis

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nuclear fragmentation

karyohexis

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Nuclear shrinkage

pyknosis

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Initiation of Intrinsic apoptosis pathway

Growth factor withdrawl

exposure to injurious stimuli

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Initiation of Extrinsic apoptosis path

Fas (CD95)

Cytotoxic T cell release perforin and granzyme B

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Reperfusion type of necrosis

Red coagulative

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Rolling receptors for Neutrophils and vascular tissue

Vascular–E and P selectin

leukocyte–Sialyl-Lewis

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Tight bonding receptors for leukocyte

Vascular–ICAM-1

leukocyte–LFA-1 (integrin)

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Diapedisis receptors for leukocytes

PECAM-1 for leukocytes and vascular tissue

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Migration chemotactic signals for leukocytes

C5a
IL-8
LTB4
Kallikrein

“CILK”

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Inflammatory phase of wound healing cells

plts., neutrophils, macrophages

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Proliferative Phase of wound healing cells

fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, macrophages

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Remodeling phase of wound healing cells

fibroblasts

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Inflammatory phase of wound healing

clot formation
vessel permeability and neutrophil migration

Macs clear debris in 2 days

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Proliferative Phase (2-3 days post injury)

Deposition of granulation tissue and collagen (type III)
angiogenesis
epithelial cell proliferation
dissolution of clot
wound retraction due to myofibroblasts

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Remodeling phase (1 week post injury)

Type III collagen replaced by Type I

increased tensile strength of tissue

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Granuloma formation mechanism

INF-gamma from TH1 cells activate macrophages

macrophages secrete TNF-alpha –> induce and maintain granuloma

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Fluid with:

Hypocellular
Protein poor
Specific gravity < 1.012

Transudate

Due to increased hydrostatic pressure
decreased π
Na retention

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Fluid with:

Hypercellular
Protein Rich
Specific Gravity > 1.020

Exudate

Due to :
Lymphatic obst.
Inflammation
increased permeability

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Mechanism of cell death with Fe poisoning

Peroxidation of lipid membrane

Sx: GI bleed (acute)
Metabolic acidosis, scarring –> GI obstruction (Chronic)

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ß pleated sheet structures deposition leading to cell death and apoptosis

Amyloidosis

Congo Red
Apple Green Birefringence

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AL Amyloidosis (1º)

Ig Light Chains

plasma cell disorder associated with multiple myeloma

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AA Amyloidosis (2º)

Fibrils composed of Amyloid A

RA
IBD
TB

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Dialysis related Amyloidosis

ß2-microglobin

Carpal tunnel Syndrome, joint pain

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Heritable Amyloidosis

Transthyretin (TTR or prealbumin) gene mutation ATTR--neurologic/cardiac amyloidosis

Age Related Amyloidosis

Depostion of normal TTR in myocardium (other sites too) Slower progression than AL

Organ Specific Amyloidosis

Deposition in specific organ Most important--Alzheimer's Disease ß-amyloid protein

Neoplastic progression

Normal --> Hyperplasia --> CA in situ --> Invasion --> Metastasis

how do tumors invade basement membrane

collegenases and hydrolases

Loss of size, shape, orientation of cell

dysplasia

Increase in # of cells

hyperplasia

Increase in size of cells

hypertrophy

One adult cell type replaced by another

metaplasia

abnormal cells lacking differentiation

anaplasia

clonal proliferation fo cells taht is uncontrolled and excessive

neoplasia

Fibrous tissue formation in response to neoplasm

desmoplasia

Prognostic predictor of tumor

stage degree of localization/spread

Degreee of cellular differentiation

Tumor Grade

Benign tumor of epithelium

Adenoma | Papilloma

Malignant tumor of Epithelium

adenocarcinoma | papillary carcinoma

Malignant tumor of blood cells

Leukemia | Lymphoma

Benign tumor of blood vessels

hemangioma

malignant blood vessel tumor

angiosarcoma

Smooth muscle cell tumor--benign and malignant

Benign--leiomyoma Malignant--leiomyosarcoma

Striated muscle tumors

Benign--rhabdomyoma Malignant--rhabdomyosarcoma

Connective tissue tumors

Benign--fibroma Malignant--fibrosarcoma

Bone tumor

Benign--osteoma Malignant--osteosarcoma

Fat tumors

benign--lipoma malignant--liposarcoma

Origin of Sarcoma

mesenchymal

Origin of carcinoma

epithelial

Neoplasm associated with Down Syndrome

ALL

Neoplasm associated with Xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism

Melanoma Basal cell CA especially Squamous cell CA of skin

Neoplasm associated with Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, postsurgical gastric remnants

Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Neoplasm associated with tuberous sclerosis

Giant cell astrocytoma renal angiomyolipoma cardiac rhabdomyoma

Tuberous Sclerosis Sx

Facial Angiofibroma seizures mental retardation

Neoplasm associated with Actinic Keratosis

Squamous cell CA of skin

Neoplasm associated with Barrett's Esophagus (chronic GI reflux)

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

Neoplasm associated with Plummer Vinson Syndrome (low Fe)

Squamous cell CA of esophagus

Neoplasm associated with cirrhosis

HCC

Neoplasm associated with UC

Colonic adenocarcinoma

Neoplasm associated with Paget's disease of bone

2º ostiosarcoma and firbrosarcoma

Neoplasm associated with immunodefficiency states

malignant lymphomas

Neoplasm associated with AIDS

agressive malignant lymphoma | kaposi's Sarcoma (HHV-8)

Neoplasm associated with Autoimmune diseases

Lymphoma

Neoplasm associated with Acanthosis nigracans

visceral malignancy (stomach, lung, uterus)

Neoplasm associated with dysplastic nevus

malignant melanoma

Neoplasm associated with radiation exposure

leukemia sarcoma papillary thyroid cancer breast cancer

Prostate CA tumor markers

PSA | PAP--prostatic acid phosphatase

CEA tumor marker

70% colorectal and pancreatic cancers gatric, brease, medullary thyroid CA

alpha fetal protein tumor marker

HCC | Nonseminomatous germ cell tumors

ß-hCG tumor marker

Hydatidiform moles Choriocarcinoma gestational trophoblastic disease

Ovarian Cancer marker

CA-125

S-100 tumor marker

melanoma neural tumors schwannomas

Alkaline Phosphatase tumor marker

Mets to bone and liver paget's disease of bone

Bombesin

neuroblastoma lung cancer gastric cancer

TRAP+ Cancer

Hairy cell leukemia

CA-19-9 tumor marker

pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Marker for medullary thyroid CA

Calcitonin | CEA

HTLV-1 associated cancers

Adult T-Cell Leukemia/lymphoma

HBV/HCV associated cancers

Hepatocellular CA

EBV associated cancers

Burkitt's Lymphoma Hodgkin's Lymphoma nasopharyngeal CA CNS lymphoma

HPV associated cancers

Cervical CA (16, 18) Penile/anal CA upper respiratory squamous cell CA

HHV-8 associated cancers

Kaposi's Sarcoma | body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma

H. pylori associated cancers

Gastric adenocarcinoma and lymphoma

Schistosoma haematobium associated cancers

squamous cell bladder cancer

Liver fluke (Clonorchis sinensis) associated cancers

cholangiocarcinoma

Tumor causing cushing's syndrome Sx

increased ACTH or ACTH-like peptide Small cell CA of lung

Tumor causing SIADH

Small Cell CA of lung | intracranial neoplasm

PTHrP secreting tumor

squamous cell lung CA renal cell CA breast cancer causes hypercalcemia

1,25 OH2 D3 (calcitrol) secreting tumor

Hodgkin's lymphoma some non-hodgkin causes hypercalcemia

EPO secreting tumor

RCC hemangioblastoma HCC pheochromocytoma causes polycythemia

Tumor that causes Lambert Eaton Syndrome

Small Cell CA of lung

tumors that cause hypercalcemia

Squamous cell CA of lung RCC breast cancer Hodgkin's and some non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Cancer incidence Men and women

1. Prostate/breast 2. lung 3. Colon/rectum

Cancer mortality men and women

1. Lung | 2. prostate/breast

Most common Mets to brain

1. lung 2. breast 3. GU 4. osteosarcoma 5. melanoma 6. GI

Most common mets to liver

1. Colon 2. stomach 3. pancreas

Most common mets to bone

1. prostate/breast 2. lung 3. thyroid 4. Testes

Most common site for mets after regional lymph nodes

Liver | lung

Location/description of mets to brain most commonly

well-circumscribed tumors at gray/white matter jxn

General Path Flashcards

(100 cards)