General Pathology Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
Increase in cell size
A
Hypertrophy
2
Q
Increase in cell number
A
Hyperplasia
3
Q
Shrinkage of cell
A
Atrophy
4
Q
Reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another
A
Metaplasia
5
Q
MC metaplasi
A
Columnar to squamous(smoking)
6
Q
Uterus
A
Hyperplasia then hypertrophy
7
Q
Breast during puberty and pregnancy
A
Hyperplasia
8
Q
Liver donation
A
Hyperplasia
9
Q
Endometrium
A
Hyperplasia
10
Q
Prostate gland
A
Hyperplasia (BPH)
11
Q
Gums on phenytoin exposure
A
Hyperplasia
12
Q
Type of metaplasia in Barretts esophagus
A
Squamous to columnar
13
Q
Type of metaplasia in the cervix
A
Squamous to columnar
14
Q
Most common primary esophageal cancer
A
Squamous cell cancer
15
Q
MC location of esophageal squamous cell cancer
A
Middle third
16
Q
Most common location of esophageal adenocarcinoma
A
Distal third
17
Q
Precursor for esophageal adenocarcinoma
A
Barretts esophagus
18
Q
Tx to reverse Barrett’s esophagus
A
Nissen fundoplication
19
Q
Hallmark of intestinal metaplasia
A
Presence of intestinal goblet cells
20
Q
Disorganized cellular architecture,irreversible
A
Dysplasia
21
Q
Most common cause of cell injury
A
Hypoxia
22
Q
MCC of hypoxia
A
Ischemia
23
Q
Mechanisms of cell injury
A
Damage to cell by peroxidation caused by Free radicals/ROS
ATP Depletion
Increase cell membrane permeability
Influx of calcium-2act as 2nd messenger for enzymes: proteases, atpases, phospholipases, endonucleases
24
Q
Reversible/irreversible:
Cell swelling/vacuolar degeneration
A
Reversible
25
Reversible/irreversible:
| Bleb on cell surface
Reversible
26
Reversible/irreversible:
| Nuclear chromatin clumping
Reversible
27
Reversible/irreversible:
| ER swelling
Reversible
28
Reversible/irreversible:
| Cell membrane defect and myelin figures
Irreversible
29
Reversible/irreversible:
| Lysis of ER
Irreversible
30
Reversible/irreversible:
| Influx of calcium
Irreversible
31
Reversible/irreversible:
| Calcification
Irreversible
32
```
Reversible/irreversible:
Nuclear changes (karyolysis,pyknosis, karyorrhexis)
```
Irreversible
33
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
34
Pro apoptotic:
Bax
Bad
Bak
35
Anti apoptotic
Bcl2
36
What activates pro apoptotic proteins
DNA damage and protein misfolding
37
Major mechanism/pathway of apoptosis in all mammalian tissue
Mitochondrial pathway
38
Responsible for protein folding
Chaperones
39
3 diseases associated with protein misfolding
Alzheimers
Parkinsons
Huntington
40
Responsible for pathogenesis of alzheimers
Tau protein
41
First drug used in alzheimers
Tacrine
42
Spectrum of morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissues
Necrosis
43
Irreversible condensation of chromatin
Pyknosis
44
Fragmentation of nucleus
Karyorrhexis
45
Disintegration and dissolution of nucleus
Karyolysis
46
Apoptosis/necrosis:
| Reduced cell size
Apoptosis
47
Apoptosis/necrosis:
| Physiologic, eliminate unwanted cells
Apoptosis
48
Apoptosis/necrosis:
| Intact cell contents
Apoptosis
49
Apoptosis/necrosis:
| No inflammation
Apoptosis
50
Apoptosis/necrosis:
| Pyknosis,karyorrhexis, karyolysis
Necrosis
51
Apoptosis/necrosis:
| Enzymatic digestion
Necrosis
52
Apoptosis/necrosis
| Frequent with inflammation
Necrosis
53
Aka tombstone necrosis
Coagulative
54
Preserved architecture, ghost cells
Coagulative
55
Involve solid organs except brain
Coagulative
56
Digestion of dead cells--pus
Liquifactive
57
Acute cerebral infact
Liquifactive
58
Cheese like material
Caseous
59
TB
Caseous
60
Enzymatic necrosis, saponification
Fat necrosis
61
Involves arteries, vasculitis, organ transplant
Fibrinoid
62
DM foot, buergers disease,PAOD
Gangrenous
63
Most common cause of fatty change
Alcohol
64
Abnormal accumulation if fat within parenchymal cells
Fatty change
65
Substance responsible for caseous necrosis in tb
Phosphatides
66
Classic microscopic description of malignant hypertension
Onion skin appearance
67
Wear and tear pigment
Lipofuschin
68
Intracellular accumulation mechanism
Abnormal metabolism
Enzyme deficiency
Inability to degrade/transport substances
69
Fatty accumulation in heart
Flabby heart/tigered effect
70
Strawberry gallbladder
Gallbladder cholesterolosis
71
Neurofibrillary tangles
Alzheimers
72
Russel bodies
Multiple myeloma
73
Pink eosinophilic inclusions in plasma cells
Russel bodies
74
Carbon dust
Anthracosis
75
Inhalation of silica dioxide
Silicosis
76
Eggshell calcification of lymph nodes
Silicosis
77
Predispose to mesothelioma and brochogenic cancer
Asbestosis
78
MC lesion of asbestosis
Pleural plaque
79
Calcification of walls of muscular artery involving internal elastic membrane
Mockenberg medial sclerosis
80
Glucoceribrosidase
Gauchers disease
81
Hexosaminidase A
Tay sachs disease
82
Sphingomyelinase
Niemann pick disease
83
Iron deposit
Hemosiderin
84
MCC of hemosiderosis
Transfusion
85
Iron deposit,no organ damage
Hemosiderosis
86
Iron deposit with organ damage
Hemochromatosis
87
Bronze diabetes
Hemochromatosis
88
Green to brown to black pigment
Bilirubin
89
P. Falciparum
Maurer dots
90
P. Malariae
Zieman dots
91
P. Ovale
James dots
92
P. Vivax
Schuffner dots
93
Hepatolenticular degeneration
Wilsons disease
94
Brown black pigment
Melanin
95
Homogentisic acid accumulation
| Black urine
Alkaptonuria
96
Black nails
Ochronosis
97
Calcium deposit in dead/dying tissues
| Normal seum calcium
Dystrophic calcification
98
Psammoma bodies
```
Dystrophic calcification
Papillary thyroid cancer
Serous ovarian cancer
Meningioma
Mesothelioma
```
99
Calcium deposits in normal tissues due to increased serum calcium
Metastatic calcification
100
Seen as glassy, homogenous,pink appearance
Hyaline change
101
Hallmark of chronic inflammation
Fibrosis
102
Hallmark of acute inflammation
Increased capillary permeability
103
Retraction of endothelial cell leading to increased permeability is due to
Histamine
104
Outcomes of acute inflammation
Resolution
Scar/fibrosis
Chronic inflammation
105
Anaphylatoxin
C3a-C5a
106
Cytokine that induces fever
IL-1 TNF
107
Chemotactic factors
Bacterial products
C5a
LTB4
IL-8
108
Cellular events in leukocyte extravasation
```
Margination
Rolling
Adhesion
Diapedesis/transmigration
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
```
109
Neutrophils will cling to capillary wall
Margination
110
Leukocytes line the endothelial surface/ pavementing
Rolling
111
Endothelial molecules for rolling
E selectin
P selectin
Glycam1
CD34
112
Neutrophils squeeze through capillary wall
Diapedesis
113
Unidirectional movement of wbc towards site of injury
Chemotaxis
114
One of the most powerful chemo attactants
Bacterial products
115
Engulfment and killing of microbes
Phagocytosis
116
Endothelial molecules for adhesion
ICAM1
| VCAM1
117
Leukocyte molecule for rolling
Sialyl x modified protein
| L selectin
118
Leukocyte molecules for adhesion
CD11/18
| VLA 4
119
Defective leukocyte adhesion due to mutation in beta chain of CD11/18
Leukocyte adhesion defect 1
120
Defective adhesion due to mutation in fucosyltransferase required for synthesis of sialylated oligosaccharides
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency 2
121
Decrease in oxidative burst due to NADH deficiency
Chronic granulomatous disease
122
Process of coating a particle by opsonin to target it for ingestion
Opsonization
123
3 major opsonins
Fc fragment
C3b
Plasma lectin
124
1st line of defense of the innate immune system
Neutrophils
125
Defense against parasitic infection
| Allergic and immunologic diseases
Eosinophils
126
Major source of histamine
Mast cells
127
Derived from circulating monocytes
Macrophages
128
Another name for tissue macrophages
Histiocytes
129
Bean shaped nuclei
Monocytes
130
Involved in immune reactions and immediated antibody response
Lymphocytes and plasma cells
131
Cells that produce antibodies
Plasma cells
132
Transudate/Exudate
| Hypocellular
Transudate
133
Transudate/Exudate
| Cellular
Exudate
134
Transudate/Exudate
| Protein poor
Transudate
135
Transudate/Exudate
| Rich protein
Exudate
136
Transudate/Exudate
| Specific gravity less than 1.012
Transudate
137
Transudate/Exudate
| Due to increased hydrostatic pressure
Transudate
138
Transudate/Exudate
| Due to infection or malignancy
Exudate
139
Membrane attack complex
C5b to C9
140
Potent vasodilator produce from the action of nitric oxide synthetase from arginine
Nitric oxide
141
Powerful vasodilator, a vasoactive amine produced by mast cell and basophil
Histamine
142
Nodular collection of specialized macrophages/epithelioid cells surrounded by a rim if lymphocytes,MN giant cell, with or without caseous necrosis
Granuloma
143
Examples of non caseating granulomatous disease
Sarcoidosis
| Crohns disease
144
Steps in scar formation
Angiogenesis
Granulation tissue
Remodelling
145
At how many day does neovascularization and granulation tissue fill up the incision space
Day 5
146
Characterized by arterial dilation, secondary to sympathetic stimulation or vasoactive substances
Active hyperemia
147
Impaired venous outflow due to venous obstruction
Passive congestion
148
Zone of liver most prone to toxic and viral injury
Zone 1
149
Zone of liver least oxygenated and most prone to ischemia
Zone 3
150
Chronic passive congestion of liver
Nutmeg liver
151
Steps in hemostasis
Primary hemostasis:platelet plug formation
| Secondary hemostasis: fibrin clot formation
152
Virchows triad
Stasis
Hypercoagulability
Injury to blood vessel wall
