General Principles

Question 1

Absorbtion

Answer 1

A drug is moved from the site of administration to body fluids; first process during pharmacokinetics.

Question 2

Adverse Reaction

Answer 2

Undesirable drug efffect

Question 3

Allergic Reaction

Answer 3

Hypersensitivity reaction by the immune system; it presents as itching, hives, swelling, and difficulty breathing

Question 4

Anaphylactic shock

Answer 4

Sudden, severe hypersensitivity reaction with symptoms that progress rapidly and may result in death if not treated; also called anaphylactic reaction or anaphylactoid reaction.

Question 5

Angioedema

Answer 5

Localized wheals or swellings in subcutaneous tissues or mucous membranes, which may be caused by an allergic response; also called angioneurotic edema

Question 6

Bioavailability

Answer 6

The proportion of a drug available to body tissues when it reaches the circulatory system

Question 7

Controlled Substances

Answer 7

Drugs that have the potential for abuse and dependency, both physical and psychological

Question 8

Cumulative drug effect

Answer 8

When the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug before the next is given

Question 9

Complementary/alternative medicine (CAM)

Answer 9

Group of diverse medical practices or products not presently part of conventional medicine

Question 10

Distribution

Answer 10

Drug moves from circulation to body tissue or a target

Question 11

Drug idiosyncrasy

Answer 11

Any unusual or abnormal response normally expected to a specific drug and dosage

Question 12

Drug tolerance

Answer 12

Decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect

Question 13

Excretion

Answer 13

Elimination of a drug from the body

Question 14

First-pass effect

Answer 14

Action by which an oral drug is absorbed and carried directly to the liver, where it is inactivated by enzymes before or enters the general bloodstream

Question 15

Half-life

Answer 15

Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of a drug

Question 16

Herbal Medicine

Answer 16

Type of complementary/ alternative therapy that uses plants or herbs to treat various disorders; also called herbalism

Question 17

Hypersensitive

Answer 17

Undesirable reaction produced by a normal immune system

Question 18

Metabolism

Answer 18

Drug is changed to a form that can be excreted

Question 19

Metabolism

Answer 19

Drug changed to a form that can be excreted

Question 20

Metabolite

Answer 20

Inactive for of the original drug

Question 21

Nonprescription drugs

Answer 21

Drugs designated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be safe (if taken as directed) and obtainable without a prescription; also called over-the-counter (OTC) drugs.

Question 22

Pharmaceutic

Answer 22

Pertaining to the phrase during which a drug dissolves in the body

Question 23

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 23

Study of the drug mechanism that produce biochemical or physiological changes in the body.

Question 24

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 24

Study of drug transit (or activity) after administration

Question 25

Physical dependency

Answer 25

Habitual use of a drug, where negative physical withdrawal symptoms result from abrupt discontinuation

Question 26

Prescription drugs

Answer 26

Drugs the federal government has designated as potentially harmful unless their use is supervised by a license health care provider, such as a nurse practitioner, physician, or dentist

Question 27

Psychological dependency

Answer 27

Compulsion or craving to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

Question 28

Receptor

Answer 28

In pharmacology, a reactive site on the surface of a cell; when a drug binds to and interacts with the receptor, a pharmacologic response occurs

Question 29

Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS)

Answer 29

Program of the FDA, designed to monitor drugs that have a high risk compared with benefit ratio.

Question 30

Teratogen

Answer 30

Drug or substance that causes abnormal development of the fetus, leading to deformities

Question 31

Toxic

Answer 31

Poisonous or harmful

Question 32

Define the term Pharmacology

Answer 32

The study of drugs and their action on living organisms.

Question 33

Compare and contrast the different names assigned to drugs. (3 names)

Answer 33

Chemical name- describes molecular structure
Generic name- a nonproprietary name for marketing
Trade name- Brand name

Question 34

Distinguish between prescription drugs, nonprescription drugs, and controlled substances.

Answer 34

P-prescribed by licensed health care provider
NonP- OTC, purchased without a prescription
Controlled- Carefully monitored and have high potential for dependency.

Question 35

Discuss drug development in the United States

Answer 35

Can take 7-12 yrs or longer. FDA approves and monitors. Divided in two phases. Pre-FDA phase: In vitro phase-testing in artificial environment (tube testing-animal&human cells), then live animals, after an application for Investigational New Drug (IND) status. FDA phase: Clinical (human) testing (3phases)
1. 20-100 healthy volunteers to see what the drug does to healthy tissue. If successful
2. Drug is given to ppl with disease, if reactions are not too great negatively
3. Given to to ppl in medical research centers for more info on adverse reactions, can take years.
Now review for denial or approval and post marketing surveillance (phase4)

Question 36

Compare and contrast the various types of drug activity and reactions produced in the body. (3 phrases) (1 phase is specific to the individual)

Answer 36

Pharmaceutic
Pharmacokinetic
Pharmacodynamic

Question 37

Pharmaceutic Phase

Answer 37

Drug is dissolved. Must be soluble liquid meaning a pill goes through this phase in the GI tract. Enteric or time-released need the alkaline environment of small intestine to disintegrate.

Question 38

Pharmacokinetic Phase (includes 4 activities and Drug actions)

Answer 38

Transportation.
1st Absorption-moves into body fluids
2nd Distribution- is in the circulatory system & distributed to various tissues & targets
3rd Metabolism- Biotransformation, body changes the drug to a more or less active form that can be excreted
4th Excretion-removal of drug and Half-life, time required to eliminate
Drug action-Onset, Peak, & Duration

Question 39

Pharmacodynamics Phase (2 types of effects and 2 types of mechanism of action)

Answer 39

Primary effect-the desired or therapeutic effects on targeted tissue or organ.
Secondary effect- all other effects, desirable or undesirable.
MOA 1-Alteration in cellular function
MOA 2- Alteration in cellular environment