General/ Special senses

Question 1

What are the general senses? (6)

Answer 1

temperature, pain, touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception

Question 2

Special senses (5)

Answer 2

smell, taste, balance, hearing, vision

Question 3

changes in environment detected by sensory receptors in body

Answer 3

stimuli

Question 4

Sensation vs. Perception

Answer 4

Sensory info arriving at the CNS-sensation
conscious awareness of a sensation-perception (happens in cortical area of brain)

Question 5

Receptor specificity

Answer 5

each receptor primarily responds to one particular stimulus

Question 6

Receptive field

Answer 6

area monitored by a single receptor cell

Question 7

Large receptive fields vs. small receptive fields

Answer 7

large- receptors spread apart making it difficult to locate stimulus
small- receptors close together which makes it easy to localize a stimulus

Question 8

What are the types of receptor responses?

Answer 8

Tonic: respond to every stimulus with the same magnitude, adapt very slowly or not at all
Phasic- fast adapting vary in magnitude, less sensitive over time (glasses on nose)

Question 9

Baroreceptors vs Proprioreceptors

Answer 9

baro- respond to changes in pressure
propio- monitor position of joints, integrate sensory info from inner ear to convey information about body position

Question 10

2 ways to classify receptors

Answer 10

Body location: exteroreceptors, proprioreceptors, and interoreceptors
Type of stimulus: mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, nociceptors, chemoreceptors

Question 11

Classification based on location

Answer 11

Exteroreceptors- respond to stimuli from external environment, conscious sensation
Proprioreceptors- respond to stimuli with body about the position and stretch of joints and tendons
Interoreceptors- respond to stimuli within body \, detect oxygen levels in blood and pressure within walls of organs, not conscious

Question 12

classification based on type of stimulus

Answer 12

Mechanoreceptors- sense physical deformations (ex. pressure, vibration)
Thermoreceptors- changes in temperature
Nociceptors - respond to pain
chemoreceptors- sense chemical environment inside body, body fluid composition

Question 13

mechanoreceptors examples

Answer 13

tactile receptors: unencapsulated( free nerve endings, tactile discs, root hair plexus) or encapsulated (meissners (tactile) corpuscle, bulbous corpuscle (deep, continuous pressure and stretch of skin), lamellated (pacinian corpuscle))

Question 14

referred pain

Answer 14

nociceptors, painful sensation from visceral organs that is perceived coming from another another organ (large receptive fields)

Question 15

chemoreceptors vs baroreceptors location

Answer 15

chemoreceptors-detect changes in chemical concentration (ex. o2, co2)/ sensitive to pH changes. found in respiratory centers of medulla
carotid arteries and aortic arch

Question 16

nociceptors are ____ with ____ receptive fields. The three types include _____, ______, and _____.

Answer 16

free nerve endings, large. extreme temperature, mechanical damage, strong chemicals.

Question 17

Different types of taste buds

Answer 17

filiform, fungiform, foliate, vallate

Question 18

________ contains taste buds, _______ contain gustatory receptors.

Answer 18

papillae, taste buds

Question 19

Where are gustatory receptors found?

Answer 19

in papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue

Question 20

Taste buds contain _______ _______ cells and _____ cells which may also function as ______ cells

Answer 20

gustatory epithelial cells and basal cells~stem cells

Question 21

each gustatory cell has _____ that extends through the _____ _____ into the surrounding fluid.

Answer 21

microvilli, taste pore

Question 22

Dissolve chemicals contact the _____ that stimulate the gustatory cell

Answer 22

microvilli
leading to conscious taste as nerve fibers activate in gustatory cells

Question 23

Where does taste information get sent for interpretation

Answer 23

thalamus –> gustatory cortex

Question 24

Gustatory pathway

Answer 24

dissolved chemicals contact microvilli stimulating gustatory cell
impulses of from gustatory cell through facial (CN VII) glossopharyngeal (CN IX) , and vagus (X) nerves.
First order synapses occur in medulla
second order synapses occur in thalamus
info reaches gustatory cortex

Question 25

Anterior 2/3 of taste buds : posterior 1/3 of taste buds:

Answer 25

facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 26

Describe the life cycle of taste buds

Answer 26

life starts with more than 10,000 tastebuds number declines after 50 coupled with decline in olfactory receptors, taste diminishes as we age

Question 27

Taste sensations

Answer 27

sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

Question 28

Sense of smell is provided by paired olfactory organs, consisting of .....

Answer 28

Olfactory epithelium containing: olfactory sensory neurons, supporting cells, basal epithelial cells. Lamina propria (underlying loose connective tissue) containing: olfactory glands (produce mucus), blood vessels, and nerves.

Question 29

Individual sensory neurons have different sensitivities, therefore, each olfactory neuron.....

Answer 29

expresses its own receptor that is sensitive to a selective variety of chemical molecules so we detect different smells

Question 30

loss of taste can be due to

Answer 30

nerve damage or brain damage

Question 31

Basale cells are _____ _____ that divide to replace worn out _______ _______ ______ every 2 months. As we age their regenerative abilities decline as well as our _______ ___ _______.

Answer 31

stem cells, olfactory sensory neurons. sense of smell.

Question 32

Olfactory pathway

Answer 32

Axons of olfactory receptors leave olfactory epithelium through cribriform foramina and synapse on neurons in olfactory bulb forming CN I IMPULSES TRAVEL FROM BULB TO THE BRAIN VIA THE OLFACTORY TRACT imspulses arrive at the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, and limbic system.

Question 33

At superior aspect of nasal cavity is the _____ _____ and in here there is a ______ layer that traps chemical molecules that will bind to specific receptors on the _______ _______ ______. This stimulus will be transduced into ____ ______ that travel to the olfactory bulb to the brain and olfactory cortex in the ______ _____ making us conscious of smell.

Answer 33

olfactory epithelium, mucous, olfactory sensory neuron. action potentials, temporal lobe.

Question 34

Visual sensations are detected by ______ on the ______ aspect of the eye

Answer 34

photoreceptors, posterior

Question 35

Accessory structures of the eye

Answer 35

palpebrae, eyelashes, lacrimal apparatus,

Question 36

Eyelashes (palpebrae) contain _____ _____ ____ that help with the blinking reflex.

Answer 36

root hair plexus

Question 37

components of the eyelid

Answer 37

conjuctiva, palpebral fissure, medial and lateral angles, tarsal plate, orbicular oculi, levator palpebral superioris

Question 38

Between upper and lower palpebral is

Answer 38

palpebral fissure

Question 39

The ______ _____ _____ raises the upper eye lid while the ______ _____ closes the eye lid

Answer 39

levator palpebrae superioris, orbicularis oris

Question 40

Under muscle fibers of eyelid are the________ located in ______ side of upper and lower eyelids

Answer 40

tarsal plates, inner

Question 41

In the tarsal plates are ______ _______ they are sebaceous glands that prevent eye lids from sticking together. These are associated with _______.

Answer 41

tarsal glands, eyelashes

Question 42

Adipose tissue cushioning the eye is called

Answer 42

orbital fat

Question 43

Conjuctiva is ________ ________ epithelium that lines the _____ of eye and connects to the eyelid. It forms a protective sheath preventing ______ from getting behind the eyeball.

Answer 43

stratified, squamous, sclera. debris

Question 44

The conjuctiva that covers the anterior part of the eye is ______ ______ or ______ ______and part that lines inner side of palpebral is the ______ _______. Fold between the ocular and palpebral conjuctiva is called _______ which releases ______.

Answer 44

buibar conjuctiva/ocular conjuctiva, palpebral conjuctiva. Fornix, lacrimal fluid.

Question 45

Lacrimal glands are ______ glands because they have _____ that empty into the fornix releasing tears.

Answer 45

exocrine, ducts

Question 46

Infection of tarsal gland-----> Infection of any other gland in eye---->

Answer 46

cyst, sty

Question 47

Lacrimal apparatus ______, _______, and ______ tears. Its structures consist of:

Answer 47

produces, distributes, and removes lacrimal glands, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct

Question 48

Tear pathway------> Tears are produced by _______ ________. Tears have an _____ pH and are a ______ secretion that contain ______ and _______ that are capable of breaking down bacterial walls preventing bacterial infection. Lacrimal _____ empty at fornix of conjuctiva and flow over ocular surface drain via the Lacrimal _____ on medial side drains out tears into lacrimal ______ and then flow into lacrimal ______ and then the _________ ______ opens up in our nose (runny nose when crying)

Answer 48

lacrimal glands, alkaline, lysozyme and antibodies. lacrimal punctum---> lacrimal caniculis-----> lacrimal sac------> nasolacrimal duct

Question 49

What produces eye boogers

Answer 49

lacrimal caruncle is a moss of soft tissue w/glands that produce thick secretion

Question 50

Iris vs. pupil

Answer 50

iris-pigmented eye muscle that controls pupil pupil can constrict or dilate depending on iris

Question 51

What divides the anterior and posterior cavity of the eye?

Answer 51

lens

Question 52

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

Answer 52

fibrous, vascular, inner layer

Question 53

Fibrous layer consists of the _____ and ____ which covers the ___ part of the eyeball. Both are made of _____ connective tissue. The connection of the ______ and ______ is called _______. This layer is the point of attachment for _______ _______ muscles.

Answer 53

sclera and cornea, anterior. Fibrous connective tissue. sclera+cornea=corneasclera junction extrinsic eye muscles

Question 54

The vascular layer consists of the ______, _______ (smooth muscle that controls lens shape), and ______ (highly vascularized capillary network that nourishes retina and cools down inside of eye).

Answer 54

iris, ciliary body, and choroid

Question 55

The inner layer is also called the ______. It has ____ layers. The ____ layer has _____ cells that help sense light. Once light passes through first layer it then goes through the ______ layer that contains lots of _______ that absorb light while preventing It from scattering and keeps image clear.

Answer 55

Retina, 2 neural layer (inner layer), photoreceptors pigmented layer, melanocytes

Question 56

Photoreceptors consist of ____ and ____

Answer 56

rods- night vision (black/white) cones- color vision (high resolution/sharpness)

Question 57

The _____ cavity is divided into anterior and posterior chambers. The ______ ______ produces _________ _______ that is released in posterior chamber and flows into anterior chamber.

Answer 57

anterior ciliary body, aqueous humor

Question 58

What secretion nourishes eye structures and fills up the anterior cavity

Answer 58

aqueous humor

Question 59

The _____ cavity is also called _______ ______ it is filled with _____ ______ that is gelatinous keeping the eye round and provides support for retina by pressing ______ _______ against the ______ ______.

Answer 59

posterior, vitreous chamber, vitreous humor neural layer against pigmented layer

Question 60

Cells within the retina and their functions

Answer 60

Bipolar cells, amacrine cells, ganglion cells responsible for processing visual information and refining information before sent to brain

Question 61

Axons of ganglion cells form the

Answer 61

optic nerve CN II

Question 62

Describe the distribution of codes and rods in the retina

Answer 62

not evenly distributed rods concentration the periphery of the retina The macula is the area of the retina that contains only cones

Question 63

Describe where the highest resolution in eye is and why

Answer 63

The center of the macula is called the fovea centralis, this is where we have the highest concentration of cone cells as well as sharpest vision and highest resolution

Question 64

The ____ _____ is part of the retina where blood vessels and optic nerve exits/enters the eye. It is also called _______ ______ because there are ______ ________. If an object is focused on this area, ______ does not occur.

Answer 64

optic disc blind spot, no photoreceptors vision

Question 65

The _______ is avascular so it must get all its nutrients from ______ ______. The ______ ______ produces this , which is filtered from ______ ______.

Answer 65

cornea, aqueous humor ciliary body, blood plasma

Question 66

Flow of aqueous humor

Answer 66

secreted by ciliary body-----> enters posterior chamber (posterior to iris)-----> flows through pupil------> enters anterior chamber------> drains through the scleral venous sinus ------> enters into venous circulation

Question 67

What happens if aqueous humor cannot flow through the scleral venous sinus

Answer 67

pressure builds up and causes glaucoma

Question 68

What could happen if the vitreous body is not the right consistency

Answer 68

pressure is reduced in retina and neural layer of retina may detach from posterior wall

Question 69

For light to be focused properly the _____ needs to change ______ and this is done by the _____ _____ which it contracts and relaxes to decrease or increase tension in the ______ ____ which are anchored by the _______. These ______ ______ bends the light so it can focus properly onto our retina as they pull on the ____.

Answer 69

lens, change shape, ciliary muscles, suspensory ligaments, ciliary zenule. suspensory ligaments, lens

Question 70

Visual Pathway

Answer 70

light passes through cornea----->anterior chamber-----> pupil-------> posterior chamber------> lens-------> lens focuses image on some part of retina which activates photoreceptors that activate cells that lead to activation(depolarization) of retinal ganglion cells, the axons of these cells form the optic nerve

Question 71

50% of axons of retinal ganglion cells decussate at ____ _____ while other 50% are straight. At the ____ _____ the axons are no longer called optic nerve instead they are called _____ ____where 50% are from ____ ___ and 50% are from ___ _____.

Answer 71

optic chiasm optic chiasm optic tracts left eye, right eye

Question 72

75% of visual info is sent to _____ and then to _____ ______ ______ where we become conscious of visual information. 25% of visual info goes to ______ to area called ____ ______ contolling reflex responses from visual stimuli also involved with pupil dilation/constriction and focusing of eyes.

Answer 72

thalamus, primary visual cortex midbrain, superior colliculus

Question 73

Ear is divided into ______, ______, and ______.

Answer 73

external, middles, and internal ear

Question 74

External ear is made up of the ____, _____ _____, ______ ______ _____, and the ____ ___ _____.

Answer 74

auricle, elastic cartilage, external acoustic meatus, and the outer tympanic membrane

Question 75

The middle ear is made up of the _______ ______ _______ and the _______ ______ which are the _____, _____, and ____. It also contains the opening for the ______ _____ that connects middle ear rto upper part of throat (nasopharynx)

Answer 75

inner tympanic membrane and the auditory ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes auditory tube

Question 76

The internal ear is like a _____ _____ located within the temporal bone. Inside the ___ _____ is the _______ ______ which contains _____ cells, ____ cells, and _____ (fluid). The _____ _____ and _____ ______ are separated by perilymph.

Answer 76

bony labyrinth bony labyrinth, membranous labyrinth hair cells, supporting cells, endolymph bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth

Question 77

The bony labyrinth is divided into: _____ _____ and _____. The _____ ______contains the following structures: semicircular canals, vestibule, utricle, and saccule. The _____ contains the structures: round window and oval window.

Answer 77

vestibular complex and cochlea vestibular complex: semicircular canals, vestibule, utricle, saccule cochlea: round window, oval window

Question 78

What is seen leaving the vestibular apparatus and the cochlea is the

Answer 78

vestibularcochlear nerve CN VIII

Question 79

Within the external acoustic meatus are the ________ glands that secrete____. These glands are modified sebaceous glands. This secretion is _______ helping to keep water out of ear ,preventing infections.

Answer 79

ceruminous glands, cerumin (earwax), hydrophobic

Question 80

The _____ vibrates against the oval window of cochlear canal and the _____ transducer this vibration into sound

Answer 80

stapes, cochlea

Question 81

What muscles control the ability of the ossicles to vibrate? When contracted these muscles make it harder for the ossicles to vibrate

Answer 81

tensor tympani (pulls on malleus) and strapedius (pulls on stapes)

Question 82

What structure helps equalize the pressure inside the tympanic membrane to the pressure outside the tympanic membrane?

Answer 82

auditory tube

Question 83

What separates external ear from middle ear

Answer 83

tympanic membrane

Question 84

What is the vestibular complex

Answer 84

the vestibule and the semicircular ductsw

Question 85

within vestibule are a pair of membranous sacs called and their functions

Answer 85

saccule is vertical and utricle horizontal, both sacs inform us of gravitational pul and linear motion (accelerating, decelerating)

Question 86

Describe how the utricle and saccule work together to detect motion

Answer 86

Within the utricle and saccule are hair cells that contact the otolithic membrane. When we move in horizontal or vertical direction the otolithic membrane moves bending hair cells generating action potentials transmitted through vestibulocochlear nerve to brain.

Question 87

Inside the cochlea is the ______ ______ filled with ______, this structure contains the ________ _______. This structure has _____ cells that are cochlear receptors, vibration of these cells generate APs which are transmitted to the axons going to the __________ nerve. This nerve sends info to brain to be interpreted as _______.

Answer 87

cochlear duct, endolymph, spiral organ hair, vestibulocochlear nerve sound

Question 88

what are the two chambers of the cochlear duct? what are their functions and what are they filled with?

Answer 88

scala vestiboli and scala tympani are filled with perilymph and provide support to cochlear duct that contains spiral organ

Question 89

high frequency sound------>________ waves in endolymph causing the bending of hair in the _______ of cochlea low frequency sounds-------> ______ waves in endolymph causing the bending of hair _______ in cochlea

Answer 89

short, beginning long, deep

Question 90

semicircular ducts inform us of _______ ______

Answer 90

rotational motion