Physiology 2 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
After 4 and 5 weeks after conceptions what structures are formed from the neural tube
A
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
2
Q
What does the forebrain consist of
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Diencephalon(thalamus, hypothalamus) and cerebral hemispheres
3
Q
mesencephalon
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midbrain
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Q
Hindbrain
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pons, cerebellum, medulla oblongata
5
Q
CSF travels freely through
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subarachnoid space, central canal, and ventricles of brain
6
Q
Largest portion of the brain~ 80% of mass
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Cerebrum
7
Q
The right/left cerebral hemispheres are connected by
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corpus callosum
8
Q
Raised folds are called… these folds are separated by depressed grooves called…. together called….
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gyri, sulci, convolutions
9
Q
Each hemisphere is divided deep sulci or fissures making up…
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5 lobes
10
Q
5 lobes
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frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insula
11
Q
Frontal and parietal lobes are separated by what sulcus
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central sulcus
12
Q
pre central gyrus (also called) is located… and is responsible for ….. neurons here are called…
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(Primary motor cortex)-frontal lobe, motor control, upper motor neurons
Involved with control of voluntary muscles
13
Q
postcentral gyrus is located in… and is responsible for… also called the…
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parietal lobe, somatesthetic sensation (coming from receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, joints), somatosensory cortex
cutaneous and proprioceptive senses
14
Q
Auditory center
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temporal lobe
15
Q
vision and coordination of eyes
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occipital lobe
16
Q
insula function
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memory and integration of sensory responses with visceral responses: receives olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and pain information
17
Q
What hemisphere is dominant and what is its function
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left: language and analytical ability
18
Q
right hemisphere is specialized for
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spatial comprehension
19
Q
Motor speech area is …. located where….
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broca’s area; left inferior frontal gyrus
20
Q
understanding language area is…. located where…..
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wernickes area; m left superior temporal gyrus
21
Q
information about written words is sent by
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occipital lobe; visual cortex
22
Q
werickes aphasia destroys
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spoken and written language comprehension
23
Q
Describe how speech works ( include brocas and wernickes areas)
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Auditory and visual info is sent to wernickes area that will then send a signal to brocas area along the arcuate fasciculus. brocas area sends information to primary motor cortex to direct movement of appropriate muscles
24
Q
Diencephalon includes and is surrounded by
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it is part of forebrain that includes epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, part of pituitary gland, and the third ventricle. Surrounded by cerebral hemispheres.
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Thalamus is... it acts as.... for ...
paired masses of gray matter, relay center, for all sensory information except smell and sends to cerebrum
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Epithalamus
contains choroid plexus and pineal gland
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Hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis and regulates ANS; contains centers for hunger/satiety and thirst, regulation of body temp, regulation of sleep and wake, sexual arousal/performance, emotions of fear, anger, and pleasure, control of the endocrine system, controls hormone secretion from the pituitary gland
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Regions of hypothalamus (5)
lateral: hunger Medial:satiety
per optic-anterior: shivering, hyperventilation, vasodilation, sweating
supraoptic: ADH production
paraventricular: oxytocin
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cerebellum
gray matter outside, white matter inside. receive input from procioceptors in joints tendons and muscles. Needed for motor learning and proper timing and force required to move limbs in a specific task.
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medulla oblongata
Has vital centers:
vasomotor center- controls blood vessel diameter
cardiac control center- controls heart rate
respiratory(rhythmicity) center- works with areas in pons to control breathing
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white matter is composed of... arranged in...
ascending and descending fiber tracts; funiculi (6 columns)
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ascending tracts
carry sensory impulses, given the prefix spino- and suffix of where it synapses
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spinothalamic is what type of tract
ascending tract
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anterior corticospinal tract is what type of tract
descending tract
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descending tracts
carry motor impulses, given the suffix -spinal and the prefix of where they come from
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pituitary gland is connection between
nervous system and endocrine system
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somatic motor neurons have their cell bodies within the... and send axons to...
CNS, skeletal muscles
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The stretch reflex does not depend on activation of
upper motor neurons
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upper motor neurons vs lower motor neurons
upper motor neurons originate in the cerebral cortex and travel down to the brain stem or spinal cord, while the lower motor neurons begin in the spinal cord and go on to innervate muscles and glands throughout the body
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Muscle stretch reflex
has only one synapse-monosynaptic reflex. Sensory neuron directly synapses with motor neuron(no interneuron)
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Monosynaptic reflex arc
streching stimulation of muscle-sensory receptor- sensory neuron (dorsal root)- motor neuron (ventral horn)- muscular effector(contraction)
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streching stimulation
sensory receptor-sensory neuron (dorsal root)- interneuron in CNS(inhibitory)- motor neuron (ventral horn)- muscular effect (antagonistic muscle relax)
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What passes to the brain that allows conscious awareness that reflex has occurred
action potential
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Reciprocal Innervation
stimulation of motor neurons to agonist muscle and inhibition of motor neurons to antagonist muscle
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Reflexes that do not send to or receive signals from the brain
spinal reflexes
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somatic motor neurons have cell bodies in the ... and #? neuron(s) traveling from .... to ....
spinal cord, 1, spinal cord to effector
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The ANS has how many sets of neurons in PNS
2
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Preganglionic vs postganglionic neurons
pre- cell bodies in brain or spinal cord and synapses in an autonomic ganglion
post- cell bodies in autonomic ganglion and synapses on effector
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Preganglionic neurons of sympathetic division come from _____ division of spinal cord
T1-L2 or thoracolumbar division
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Preganglionic neurons of sympathetic division synapse in _____ that run ____ to spinal cord
sympathetic ganglia that run parallel to spinal cord also called paravertebral ganglia
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paravertebral ganglia are connected and form a
sympathetic chain of ganglia
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Divergence vs Convergence
Divergence is when one preganglionic neuron synapse on several postganglionic neurons at different levels
convergence is when several preganglionic neurons at different levels synapse at one postganglionic neuron
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Preganglionic fibers that exit the spinal cord below the diaphragm pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing. Beyond the sympathetic chain these fibers are called
splanchnic nerves
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preganglionic fibers in splanchnic nerves synapse in
collateral ganglia
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collateral ganglia include
celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia
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Postganglionic fibers that arise from the collateral ganglia innervate what
organs of the digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems
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The adrenal _____ secretes _____ and _____ when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system as part of mass activation
medulla, epinephrine and norepinephrine
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mass activation
divergence and convergence can activates the entire sympathetic division for flight or flight responses in response to visceral stimuli
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The adrenal medulla is a ____ _____ and is innervated directly by ____ _____ ____
modified ganglion, preganglionic sympathetic neurons
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adrenal glands are apart of what division
sympathetic
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preganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division come from the _____ or ______ of the spinal cord
brain or sacral region of spinal cord or together craniosacral regions
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PS preganglionic neurons synapse on ____ located near or in _____ called _____
ganglia, effector organs, terminal ganglia
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terminal ganglia supply very ____ postganglionic neurons to the ____
short, effectors
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sympathetic function
activates fight or flight through release or norepinephrine from postganglionic neurons and secretes epinephrine from adrenal medulla, prepares body for intense physical activity by increasing heart rate and glucose and diverting blood to skeletal muscles, tonically regulates heart, blood vessels, and other organs
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parasympathetic functions
rest and digest through release of Ash from postganglionic neurons, slows hear rate and increases digestive activities
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What is the neurotransmitter of ALL preganglionic axons
ACh
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Cholinergic
nerve endings that when stimulated release ACh, released by most parasympathetic post ganglionic neurons
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Adrenergic
nerve endings that release epinephrine, norepinephrine, released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons
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Response to adrenergic stimulation
can be epinephrine in blood or norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves;
stimulation: heart, dilatory muscles of iris, vasoconstriction of blood vessels ( contracts smooth muscle)
inhibition: bronchioles of lungs, other blood vessels; inhibits contraction and dilation
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Types of adrenergic receptors and functions
alpha and beta
Alpha receptors are more sensitive to norepinephrine
Beta receptors are more sensitive to blood epinephrine
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Response to cholinergic stimulation
ACh from all preganglionic neurons is stimulatory
ACh from postganglionic neurons in PS is stimulatory usually but some are inhibitory
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cholinergic receptors
Nicotinic- found in autonomic ganglia and skeletal muscle, stimulated by ACh from preganglionic neurons, serve as ligand gated Channels for Na and K
Muscarinic- found in visceral organs and stimulated by release of ACh from postganglionic neurons, can by stimulatory or inhibitory (opening Ca Na, or K channels), use G proteins and second messenger system
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nicotinic receptors in skeletal muscle cause _____ producing ____ its mechanism is
depolarization, action potentials and muscle contraction, ACh opens cation channels in receptor
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nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia respond by ______ and causing _____ the mechanism is ____
depolarization, postganglionic neuron activation, ACh opens cation channels in receptor
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Musarinic receptors in smooth muscles and gland vs heart
response in smooth muscle and glands is depolarization causing contraction and secretion
response in heart is hyper polarization, slowing rate of spontaneous depolarization
Mechanisms- ACh activates g-protein coupled receptors opening Ca channels in smooth muscles and glands while K channels open in heart
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preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division originate from
the brain (midbrain, pons, medulla) and in the sacral region
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What fibers occur in spinal nerves
sympathetic
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which fibers innervate the structures of the skin and why
Only sympathetic fibers occur in spinal nerves; therefore they are the only type to innervate blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles of the skin.
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cholinergic neurons
all preganglionic neurons, all somatic motor neurons, and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons
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Functions of circulatory system
transportation (respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes), regulation (temperature and hormones), protection (clotting and immunity)
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Components of circulatory system
cardiovascular system- heart and blood vessels
lymphatic system- lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes)
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Lub Dub sounds caused by
closing of AV valves (ventricular systole), closing of semilunar valves (ventricular diastole)
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heart mumur
abnormal heart sound due to abnormal blood flow may be caused by defective valves
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mitral stenosis
mitral valve calcifies and impairs flow between left atrium and ventricle, may result in thick RV and pulmonary hypertension
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Isovolumetric contraction
ventricles begin contraction, pressure rises, AV valves close (lub)
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ejection
pressure builds, semilunar valves open, and blood is ejected into arteries
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isovolumetric relaxation
pressure in ventricles falls, semilunar valves close (dub)
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rapid fill
pressure in ventricles is less than atria, AV valves open, ventricles fill
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atrial contraction
atria contract, sending last of blood to ventricles
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cardiac output
(stroke volume x cardiac rate) the volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle
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average heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output
70 bpm, 70 to 80 ml/beat, 5500 ml/min
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what neurotransmitters and cardiac center affect heart beat
medulla oblongata;
sympathetic norepinephrine increase heart beat
parasympathetic (vagus nerve) acetylcholine slows heart rate
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End-diastolic volume
total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
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End-systolic volume
total volume of blood left in ventricles after systole (1/3 of end-diastolic volume)
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Stroke volume is affected by what three things
preload, contractility, and afterload
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Preload also known as EDV
the tension on the ventricular walls produced by their filling with the end diastolic volume of blood (the load ion a muscle before it contracts)
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contractility
strength of ventricular contraction
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afterload
the total peripheral resistance, presents an impedance to the ejection of blood from the ventricles at systole
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Frank-Starling law of the heart
the relationship between EDV, contraction strength, and stroke volume is an intrinsic property of a heart muscle. If one variable increase then so do the others
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venous pressure/return
draining of blood into the atria
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external vs internal respiration
external- ventilation/gas exchange in lungs
internal- oxygen utilization/ gas exchange in tissues
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conducting zone
transports air to lungs. humidifies, warms, filters, and cleans air, voice production
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External intercostal muscles
raises rib cage during inspiration
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internal intercostal muscles
lowers rib cage during forced expiration
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parasternal intercostal muscle
works with external intercostal
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quiet expiration
relaxation of inspiratory muscles (passive) external and parasternal muscles relax
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forced expiration
internal intercostal muscles contract to lower ribs
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spirometry
records volume/frequency of air movement, measures lung volumes/ capacities
can diagnose restrictive/ obstructive Lung disorders
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Tidal volume (movement like a calm waves)
amount of air exhaled or inhaled in quiet breathing
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Expiratory reserve volume
air that can be forced out after tidal volume
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inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume
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residual volume
amount of air left in lungs after max expiration
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Vital capacity
max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after max inhalation
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total lung capacity
amount of gas in lungs after max inspiration
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inspiratory capacity
amount of gas that can be inspired after normal expiration
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Functional residual capacity
amount of air left in lungs after normal expiration
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IRV+ERV+TV=?
Vital Capacity
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RV+ERV=
Functional residual capacity
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vital capacity+residual volume
total lung capacity
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Inspiratory capacity
total lung - functional residual capacity (RV+ ERV)
IRV+TV
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glutamate
major excitatory neurotransmitter in brain
80% of EPSPs in the cerebral cortex produced by glutamate
Energy needed for all of EPSPs constitutes major brain energy usage
122
GABA
inhibitory, opens Cl channels when it binds to receptors
most common neurotransmitter in brain
involved with motor control
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glycine
produced IPSPs, opens Cl channels
makes it harder to reach threshold
spinal cord
124
In the heart, acetylcholine (opens/closes) K+ channels producing ______ that increase/decrease heart rate while in smooth muscle it opens/closes K+ channels, producing ________ that relax/contract these muscles
opens (by beta-gamma complex), IPSPs, decrease
closes(by alpha subunit), EPSPs, contract
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