Generalities Flashcards
(159 cards)
0
Q
Mitotic division: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
1
Q
DNA within a nuclear membrane: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
2
Q
DNA associated with histones: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
3
Q
Chromosome number of Prokaryotes
A
One
4
Q
Chromosome number of Eukaryotes
A
More than one
5
Q
Membrane-bound organelles: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Eukaryotes
6
Q
Size of Ribosome of Prokaryotes
A
30s 50s (70s)
7
Q
Size of Ribosome of Eukaryotes
A
40s 60s (80s)
8
Q
Cell wall containing Peptidoglycan: Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes?
A
Prokaryotes
9
Q
Noncellular pathogens that can only reproduce when present within a living cell
A
Virus
10
Q
Basic unit of life
A
Cell
11
Q
Obligate intracellular but acellular parasites of plants with naked RNA; Do not cause human diseases
A
Viroids
12
Q
Mobile genetic elements
A
Transposons
13
Q
DNA pieces that move readily from 1 site to another either within or between the DNA of bacteria, plasmids and bacteriophages
A
Jumping genes
14
Q
DNA replication followed by insertion of new copy into another site
A
Replicative Transposition
15
Q
DNA is excised from the site without replicating and then inserted into the new site
A
Direct Transposition
16
Q
Infectious proteinaceous agents with high beta-sheath content; Expressed in neurons
A
Prions
17
Q
Susceptible to protease; Soluble in detergent
A
PrPc
18
Q
Appearance of the vacuolated neurons with loss of function and lack of an immune response or inflammation; With prion proteins inside
A
Spongiform Encephalopathies
19
Q
Approximate diameter: Viruses
A
0.02-0.2 um (under electron microscope only)
20
Q
Approximate diameter: Bacteria
A
1-5 um
21
Q
Approximate diameter: Fungi
A
3-10 um (yeasts)
22
Q
Approximate diameter: Protozoa and Helminths
A
15-25 um (trophozoites)
23
Q
Nucleic Acid: Viruses
A
Either DNA OR RNA
24
Nucleic Acid: Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Both DNA AND RNA
25
Type of Nucleus: Viruses
None
26
Type of Nucleus: Bacteria
Prokaryotic
27
Type of Nucleus: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Eukaryotic
28
Ribosomes: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
80s (40s 60s)
29
Ribosomes: Viruses
Absent
30
Ribosomes: Bacteria
70s (30s 50s)
31
Mitochondria: Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths
Present
32
Mitochondria: Viruses, Bacteria
Absent (metabolic enzyme of bacteria: in the cytoplasm)
33
Nature of outer surface: Viruses
Protein capsid and Lipoprotein envelope
34
Nature of outer surface: Bacteria
Rigid wall containing Peptidoglycan
35
Nature of outer surface: Fungi
Rigid wall containing Chitin (cell wall)
36
Nature of outer surface: Protozoa and Helminths
Flexible membrane (Cholesterol - lipid bilayer)
37
Motility: Viruses
None
38
Motility: Bacteria
Some (those with flagella)
39
Motility: Fungi
None
40
Motility: Protozoa and Helminths
Most
41
Method of Replication: Viruses
Not binary fission
42
Method of Replication: Bacteria
Binary Fission
43
Method of Replication: Fungi
Budding or Mitosis2
44
Method of Replication: Protozoa and Helminths
Mitosis3
45
Only vertebrate flagellated cell
Sperm
46
Human Prion Disease: Present with higher cortical function impairment; Sensorial changes, loss of cognition
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
47
Human Prion Disease: Present with cerebellar function impairment; Loss of correlation
Kuru Disease
48
Animal Prion Disease of sheep and goats
Scrapie
49
Most common Animal Prion Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) or Mad cow Disease
50
Animal Prion Disease of mule, deer, elk
Chronic Wasting Disease
51
Pathogenesis of Prion Diseases
Very long incubation periods, as long as 30 years
52
Transmission of Prion Diseases
Via infected tissue, cuts in skin; transplantation of contaminated tissues (cornea); use of contaminated medical devices (brain electrodes); ingestion of infected tissue (cannibalism); via inherited syndrome
53
Spectrum of Disease: Prion Diseases
Progressive neurodegenerative disease: loss of muscle control, shivering, myoclonic jerks and tremors, loss of coordination, rapidly progressive dementia, death
54
Treatment of Prion Diseases
No treatment available
55
Same amino acid sequence
Isomers
56
Proteins with same amino acid sequence but different folding patterns
Conformers
57
Bacterial shape: Spheres
Cocci
58
Bacterial shape: Rods
Bacilli
59
Bacterial shape: Spirals
Spirochetes
60
Bacterial shape: Spherical rods
Coccobacilli
61
Pattern of Cocci: Pairs
Diplococci
62
Pattern of Cocci: Chains
Streptococci
63
Pattern of Cocci: Clusters
Staphylococci
64
Smallest bacteria
Mycoplasma sp.
65
Largest bacteria
Thiomargarita namibiensis
66
Largest medically important bacteria
Borrelia burgdorferi (causes Lime Disease)
67
Sugar backbone of Peptidoglycan
Glycan
68
Peptide side of Peptidoglycan
Peptido
69
Cross linkage of Peptido and Glycan
Transpeptidase
70
Kill bacteria by cleaving the glycan backbone of peptidoglycan (beta1-4 linkage between GlcNAc and MurNac)
Lysozymes
71
Play a role in facilitating the passage of small, hydrophilic molecules into the cell
Porin proteins
72
Peptidoglycan of Gram (+)
Thicker; Multi-layer
73
Peptidoglycan of Gram (-)
Thinner; Single-layer
74
Teichoic Acids in Gram (+)
Present
75
Teichoic Acids in Gram (-)
Absent
76
Lipopolysaccharide in Gram (+)
Absent
77
Lipopolysaccharide in Gram (-)
Present
78
Periplasmic space in Gram (+)
Absent
79
Periplasmic space in Gram (-)
Present
80
Endotoxin in LPS: Gram (+) or (-)
Gram (-)
81
Endotoxin consists of
Lipid A
| O antigen
82
All gram (+) bacteria have NO Endotoxin EXCEPT
Listeria monocytogenes
83
Gram staining: Step 1
Primary Staining
84
Gram staining: Step 1 stain
Crystal Violet
85
Gram staining: Step 2
Fix stain
86
Gram staining: Step 2 mordant
Iodine
87
Gram staining: Step 3
Decolorizing
88
Gram staining: Step 3 agent
Acetone or Alcohol
89
Gram staining: Step 4
Counterstain
90
Gram staining: Step 4 stain
Safranin
91
Color changes in Gram Staining
Gram (+) - Violet
| Gram (-) - Pinkish red
92
Staining for Mycobacteria
Acid Fast Staining
93
Acid Fast Staining: Reagent
Carbolfuschin
94
Acid Fast Staining: 2 Methods
Ziehl-Nielsen (with heat)
| Kinyoun (without heat)
95
Approach to Spirochetes
Dark Field Microscopy
96
No cellwall
Mycoplasma spp.
97
Approach to Legionella spp.
Silver Staining Method
98
Approach to Chlamydiae and Rickettsiae
Giemsia Staining (Rickettsiae: also Tissue Staining)
99
Bacteria not seen in gram stain
```
Treponema
Rickettsia
Mycobacteria
Mycoplasma
Legionella
Chlamydia
```
100
Site of oxidative and transport enzymes; Lipoprotein bilayer without sterols
Cytoplasmic membrane
101
Protein synthesis; RNA and protein in 30s and 50s subunits
Ribosome
102
Genetic material; DNA
Nucleoid (no nuclear membrane)
103
Participates in cell division and secretion; Invagination of plasma membrane
Mesosome
104
Contains many hydrolytic enzymes, including beta lactamases; Space between plasma membrane and outer membrane
Periplasm (only in gram -)
105
Cell parts that confer virulence
```
Capsule
Pilus or Fimbria
Glycocalyx
Flagellum
Spore
Plasmid
Granule
```
106
Polysaccharide; Protects against phagocytosis
Capsule
107
Glycoprotein; For attachment or conjugation
Pilus or Fimbria
108
Polysaccharide; Mediates adherence to surfaces
Glycocalyx
109
Protein; Motility
Flagella
110
Keratin-like coat, Dipicolinic acid; Resistance to heat and chemicals; Formed by gram (+) rods: Bacillus, Clostridium spp.
Spore
111
DNA; Genes for antibiotic resistance and toxins (exotoxins); Extrachromosomal, double-stranded, circular DNA capable of replicating independently o the bacterial chromosome
Plasmid
112
Glycogen, lipids, phosphates; Site of nutrients in cytoplasm
Granule
113
Al bacterial capsules are composed of polysaccharide EXCEPT
Bacillus anthracis (Polypeptide D-glutamate)
114
Flagella movement of Eukaryotic Cell
Whip-like
115
Flagella movement of Prokaryotic Cell
Rotatory
116
F pilus
Sex pilus
117
1 Flagellum
Monotrichous
118
Flagella on both ends
Amphitrichous
119
Multiple Flagella
Lophotrichous
120
1 sided or 1 end Flagella
Peritrichous
121
From cell to cell by conjugation; Large, contain about a dozen genes for synthesis of the sex pilus and for the enzymes required for transfer
Transmissible plasmids
122
Small, do not contain transfer genes; Frequently present in many (10-60) copies per cell
Nontransmissible plasmids
123
Toxic proteins produces by certain bacteria that are lethal for othee bacteria
Bacteriocins
124
Degradative enzymes produced by Pseudomonas capable of cleaning up environmental hazards such as oil spills and toxic chemical waste sites
Bioremediation
125
Cells are depleted of metabolites as the result of unfavorable condition; Adaptation to new environment; Zero growth rate
Phase 1: Lag Phase
126
Rapid cell division occurs; Beta lactam antibiotics act during this phase; Constant growth rate
Phase 2: Log or Exponential Phase
127
Exhaustion of nutrients or the accumulation of toxic products cause growth to cease completely; Spores are formed; Zero growth rate
Phase 3: Maximum Stationary Phase
128
Most of the cells die because nutrients have been exhausted; Negative growth rate
Phase 4: Decline or Death Phase
129
Toxic products from Oxygen Metabolism
Superoxide
| Hydrogen peroxide
130
Needed to survive in aerobic environments
Superoxide dismutase
Peroxidase
Catalase
131
Completely dependent on oxygen for ATP-generation
Obligate aerobes
132
Use fermentation but can tolerate low amounts of oxygen because they have superoxide dismutase
Microaerophiles
133
Utilize oxygen if it is present but can use fermentation in its absence
Facultative anaerobes
134
Exclusively anaerobic but insensitive to the presence of oxygen
Aerotolerant anaerobes
135
Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase
Obligate anaerobes
136
Drug of choice for anaerobes
Metronidazole
137
Obligate aerobes
```
Nocardia
Neisseria
Pseudomonas
Mycobacteria
Bordetella
Brucella
Bacillus cereus
Legionella
Leptospira
```
138
Obligate anaerobes
Actinomyces
Bacteroides
Clostridium
139
True or False: Bacteria are diploid.
False (Haploid)
140
True or False: Bacteria DNA is linear.
False (circular)
141
Move readily from one site on the bacterial chromosome to another or from the bacterial chromosome to a plasmid
Transposons or Jumping Genes
142
The movement of genes from inactive (storage) sites into active sites of transcription; Can lead to antigenic variation
Programmed rearrangements
143
Relapsing fever is caused by
Borrelia recurrentis
144
DNA transferred from one bacterium to another
Conjugation
145
DNA transferred by a virus from one cell to another
Transduction
146
Purified DNA taken up by a cell
Transformation
147
Pathways of Transduction
Lytic Pathway
| Lysogenic Pathway
148
3 types of Molecular Changes
Base substitution
Frameshift mutation
Transposons or Insertion sequences
149
Study of Mutagenicity
Ames Test
150
Microorganisms that are permanent residents of the body; With low virulence
Normal Flora
151
Occurs when normal flora occupy receptor sites preventing pathogens from binding
Colonization resistance
152
Normal Flora: Skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis (have glycocalyx)
153
Normal Flora: Nose
Staphylococcus aureus (anterior nares)
154
Normal Flora: Mouth
Viridans streptococci
155
Normal Flora: Dental plaque
Streptococcus mutans
156
Normal Flora: Colon
Bacteriodes
| E. coli
157
Normal Flora: Vagina
Lactobacillus vaginalis
E. coli
Streptococcus agalactiae
158
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
