Parasitology Flashcards
(212 cards)
0
Q
One species benefits without harming or benefiting the other
A
Commensalism
1
Q
Process of living together of 2 unlike organisms
A
Symbiosis
2
Q
Both species benefit one another
A
Mutualism
3
Q
One species benefits while harming the other
A
Parasitism
4
Q
Lives inside the body of the host; Presence in host connotes infection
A
Endoparasite
5
Q
Lives outside the body of the host; Presence in host connotes infestation
A
Ectoparasite
6
Q
Need a host at some stage of their life cycle to complete development and propagation
A
Obligate Parasite
7
Q
May exist in a free-living state but becomes parasitic when the need arises
A
Facultative Parasite
8
Q
Establishes itself in a host it does not ordinarily live
A
Accidental or Incidental Parasite
9
Q
Remains on host for life
A
Permanent Parasite
10
Q
Lives on host for short period of time
A
Temporary Parasite
11
Q
Free-living organism that passes through digestive tract with infecting the host
A
Spurious Parasite
12
Q
Parasite attains sexual maturity
A
Definitive or Final Host
13
Q
Harbors the asexual or larval stage
A
Intermediate Host
14
Q
Parasite does not develop further to later stages
A
Paratenic Host
15
Q
Allow life cycle to continue and become additional sources of human infection
A
Reservoir Host
16
Q
Transmits parasite from one host to another
A
Vector
17
Q
Transmits parasite only after it has completed its development
A
Biologic Vector
18
Q
Mechanical or Phoretic Vector
A
Only transports the parasite
19
Q
Process of inoculating an infective agent
A
Exposure
20
Q
Establishment of infective agent inside host
A
Infection
21
Q
Between infection and evidence o symptoms
A
Incubation Period (Clinical)
22
Q
Between infection and demonstration of infection
A
Pre-patent Period (Biological)
23
Q
Infected individual becomes his own direct source of infection
A
Auto infection
24
Infected individual is further infected with the same species leading to massive infection
Hyperinfection or Superinfection
25
E. histolytica trophozoites secrete cysteine proteases which digest cellular material
Enzymatic Interference
26
Plasmodium invades RBCs and cause rupture
Invasion and Destruction
27
D. latum competes with host for available supply of Vitamin B12
Nutrient Deprivation
28
E. histolytica produces suppressor factor that inhibits monocyte movement
Immune Suppression
29
Surface protein variation in T. gambiense
Antigenic Variation
30
E. granulosus carries blood group antigens
Host Mimicry
31
T. gondii multiplies inside macrophages
Intracellular Sequestration
32
Pseudopod-forming nonflagellated protozoa (Brownian Movement); Most invasive parasite among Entamoeba; Eukaryotic organism that lacks membrane-bound organelles; Fecal-oral route; Mature cysts; Trophozoites, mature cysts, immature cysts
Entamoeba histolytica
33
Mediates adherence
Lectin
34
For penetration
Amoebapores
35
For cytopathic effect
Cysteine proteases
36
Dysentery without fever; Flask-shaped colon ulcers
Amebic colitis
37
Associated with dysentery
Ameboma
38
Most common extraintestinal form;
| Anchovy sauce-like aspirate
Amebic liver abscess
39
Treatment for cyst carrier state
Diloxanide furoate
40
Treatment of Amebic colitis
Metronidazole
41
Treatment of Amebic Liver Abscess
Metronidazole
| Percutaneous drainage for nonresponders
42
Flagellate that lives in the duodenum, jejunum and upper ileum; Falling leaf motility; Simple asexual life cycle; Covered with variant surface proteins
Giardia lamblia
43
Abdominal pain, diarrhea and excessive flatus, smelling like rotten eggs
Acute Infection of Giardia lamblia
44
Constipation, weight loss and Steatorrhea
Chronic Infection of Giardia lamblia
45
Treatment of Giardia lamblia
Metronidazole
46
Opportunistic intestinal protozoa; Undergoes schizogony and gametogony; Autoinfection in immunocompromised patients; fecal-oral route; thick-walled oocysts
Cryptosporidium parvum
47
Treatment of Cryptosporidium parvum
DOC: Nitazoxanide
48
Urogenital protozoan; Exists only as a trophozoite; Pear-shaped, flagellated trophozoites; Sexual intercourse transmission; "Pingpong" transmission
Trichomonas vaginalis
49
Watery, foul-smelling, greenish vaginal discharge, accompanied by itching and burning; Strawberry cervix
Trichomoniasis
50
Treatment of Trichomoniasis
Single oral dose of 2 grams (4 500mg tablets) of Metronidazole
51
Blood and tissue sporozoa; Most important parasitic disease in man; Asexual life cycle consists of shizogony and gametogony; Sexual life cycle involves sporogony; Bite of infected female mosquito (Anopheles flavirostris minimus)
Plasmodium spp.
52
Recurrence of symptoms after a temporary abatement; Seen in P. falciparum and P. malariae
Recrudescence
53
Return of a disease after its apparent cessation (1-6mos) due to reactivation of hypnozoites; Seen in P. ovale and P. vivax
Relapse
54
Punctate granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P. ovale and P. vivax
Schuffner Dots
55
Coarse granulations present in red blood cells invaded by P. falciparum
Maurer Dots
56
Fine dots present in red blood cells invaded by P. malariae
Ziemann Dots
57
Paroxysmal fever with malaise and bone pains, hemolytic anemia, jaindice and splenomegaly; cerebral malaria (malarial or Durck granuloma); Acute renal failure (blackwater fever); Septic shock (algid malaria)
Malaria
58
Drug Therapy: Chloroquine-sensitive P. falciparum and P. malariae infections
Chloroquine
59
Drug Therapy: P. vivax and P. ovale infections
Chloroquine + Primaquine
60
Drug Therapy: Uncomplicated infections with Chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Quinine + Doxycycline/Clindamycin
61
Drug Therapy: Severe or complicated infections with P. falciparum
Artesunate + Doxycycline/Clindamycin or Mefloquine/Malarone
OR
Quinidine gluconate
62
Drug Therapy: Chloroquine-resistance
Mefloquine + Doxycycline
63
Drug Therapy: Eradication of Hypnozoites
Primaquine
64
Drug Therapy: Severe cases or pregnant
Quinidine or Quinine
65
Prophylaxis: Areas without resistant P. falciparum
Chloroquine
66
Prophylaxis: Areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Malarone
67
Prophylaxis: Areas with chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum
Mefloquine
68
Prophylaxis: Areas with multidrug-resistant P. falciparum
Doxycycline
69
Prophylaxis: Terminal prophylaxis of P. vivax and P. ovale infections; Alternative for primary prevention
Primaquine
70
Tissue protozoan; Definitive host: domestic host; humans and other mammals are intermediate hosts; ingestion of cysts in raw meat, contaminated food, transplacentally; fecal oocyts; 2 types of trophozoites: tachyzoites and bradyzoites
Toxoplasma gondii
71
Immunocompetent; immunocompromised; Encephalitis: ring-enhancing lesions; congenital toxoplasmosis: intracranial calcifications
Toxoplasmosis
72
Treatment of Toxoplasmosis
Sulfadiazine plus pyrimethamine
73
Blood and tissue protozoan; 4 forms: amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote; transmitted by reduviid bug; trypomastigotes in blood
Trypanosoma cruzi
74
Allowing an uninfected, laboratory-raised reduviid bug to feed on the patient
Xenodiagnosis
75
Periorbital edema (Romana's sign); Nodule near bite (chagoma); Fever, LAD, and hepatosplenomegaly
Acute Chagas' Disease
76
Myocarditis, megacolon, megaesophagus, achalasia
Chronic Disease (Trypanosoma cruzi)
77
Treatment of Chagas'
Nifurtimox
78
Blood and tissue protozoan; Only 2 forms: Epimastigote, Trypomastigote; remarkable antigenic variation; Transmission: tsetse fly
Trypanosoma brucei
79
Indurated skin ulcer
Trypanosomal chancre
80
Enlargement of the posterior cervical LN
Winterbottom's Sign
81
Hyperesthesia
Kerandel's sign
82
Plasma cells with cytoplasmic immunoglobulin globules
Mott cells
83
Treatment of Sleeping sickness
Suramin for blood-borne disease
| Melarsoprol for CNS penetration
84
Flagellated marine protists; Algal blooms cause red tide; Most common cause in the Philippines is Pyrodinum bahamense var. compressum; transmission by eating bivalve mollusks and fish obtained from red tide
Dinoflagellates
85
Paralytic; 15mins; Facial paresthesia, total paralysis, respiratory failure
Saxitoxin
86
Neurotoxin; 15mins; Facial paresthesia, slurred speech, ataxia, diarrhea
Brevetoxin
87
Diarrhetic; 30mins; Diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain
Okadaic acid
88
Amnesic; 30mins; Diarrhea, short term, memory loss, seizures
Domoic acid
89
Free living amoeba; Common in public pools
Granuloma Amebic Encephalitis (Acanthamoeba castellani)
90
Free living amoeba; Intranasal; Acquired while swimming in contaminated pools
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri)
91
Only ciliated protozoan to cause human disease; Associated with pigs; Round-based, wide-necked intestinal ulcers
Balantidial dysentery (Balantidium coli)
92
Transmitted by the bite of Ixodes tick; Intraerythrocytic ring-shaped trophozoites in tetrads in the form of a Maltese cross; Blood protozoan
Babesia microti (Babesiosis)
93
Transmitted by sandfly (Phlebotomus); Infective promastigotes
Leishmania spp.
94
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania tropica
95
Visceral Leishmaniasis / Kala-azar
Leishmania donovani
96
Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
97
DOC of Leishmaniasis
Sodium stibogluconate
98
Coccidial sporozoa; Cause diarrhea in immunocompromised patients
Cyclospora cayetanensis & Isospora belli
99
Intestinal cestodes; With 4 suckers and a rostellum; 5-10 primary uterine branches in a gravid proglottid; transmission: undercooked meat; Mild intestinal symptoms; can cause neurocysticercosis and worms in vitreous humor
Taenia solium
100
Intestinal cestodes; With 4 suckers and no rostellum; 15-25 primary uterine branches in a gravid proglottid; transmission: undercooked meat; Abdominal pain, weight loss, pruritus ani
Taenia saginata
101
Treatment of Taenia spp.
DOC: Praziquantel
102
Has elongated sucking grooves for attachment; Have operculated eggs; intermediate hosts: fish and copepods; transmission: undercooked fish; causes abdominal pain, diarrhea, megaloblastic anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Diphyllobothrium latum
103
Infective stage of Diphyllobothrium latum
Plerocercoid larvae
104
Diagnostic stage of Diphyllobothrium latum
Unembryonated egg
105
Treatment of Diphyllobothrium latum
Praziquantel
106
Composed of a scolex and only three proglottids; One of the smallest tapeworms; Intermediate host: sheep/man; definitive host: dog; Transmission: ingestion of eggs; Life-threatening anaphylaxis can occur
Echinococcus granulosus
107
Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Embryonated egg
108
Diagnostic stage of Echinococcus granulosus
Hydatid cysts
109
Treatment of Echinococcus granulosus
```
Surgical resection and DOC: Albendazole
PAIR procedure (Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, Reaspiration)
```
110
Definitive host: foxes; Intermediate host: rodents; Multiloculated cyts (honeycomb vesicles)
Echinococcus multilocularis
111
Dwarf tapeworm; Most common tapeworm in developed countries; Eggs are directly infectious; Polar filaments and six-hooked larva
Hymenolepsis nana
112
Rat tapeworm; Accidental parasite; Transmitted by ingestion of insects harboring eggs
Hymenolepsis diminuta
113
Most common tapeworm of dogs and cats; Barrel-shaped proglottids
Dipylidium caninum
114
Oriental blood fluke; Adult schistosomes exist as separate sexes; Reside in the mesenteric and portal veins; Intermediate host: snail (Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi); Transmission: cercariae penetrate skin; Liver granulomas lead to presinusoidal obstruction, hepatomegaly, and portal hypertension
Schistosoma japonicum
115
Infective stage of Schistosoma japonicum
Cercariae
116
Diagnostic stage of Schistosoma japonicum
Eggs in feces
117
Diagnostics of Schistosoma japonicum
Kato-Katz technique
| Circumoval Precipitin Test (Ovoid egg with small hook)
118
Itching and dermatitis; Acute disease of Schistosoma japonicum
Swimmer's itch
119
Systemic hypersensitivity, resembling serum sickness; Acute disease of Schistosoma japonicum
Katayama Fever
120
Chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, colonic, pulmonary, cerebral involvement (Jacksonian seizures)
Chronic disease of Schistosoma japonicum
121
Treatment of Schistosoma japonicum
Praziquantel
122
Lung fluke; Hermaphrodite; Intermediate host: Snail (Antemelania asperata), mountain crab (Sundathelphusa philippina); Transmission: undercooked/raw crab meat; chronic cough with bloody sputum, ring-shadowed opacity on chest x-ray, closely resembles tuberculosis
Paragonimus westermani
123
Infective stage of Paragonimus westermani
Metacercariae
124
Diagnostic stage of Paragonimus westermani
Unembryonated egg
125
Diagnostics of Paragonimus westermani
3% NaOH preparation
126
Treatment of Paragonimus westermani
Praziquantel
127
Asian liver flukes; Hermaphrodite; Intermediate host: snail (Parafossarulus), Fish (Cyprinidae); Transmission: undercooked/raw fish
Clonorchis sinensis
128
Infective stage of Paragonimus westermani
Metacercariae
129
Diagnostic stage of Paragonimus westermani
Embryonated egg
130
Diagnostics of Paragonimus westermani
Direct fecal smear
| Potassium permanganate stain (melon-like ridges)
131
Fever, eosinophila, LAD, and tender hepatomegaly
Acute disease of Paragonimus westermani
132
Hepatobiliary disease, pancreatitis, Cholangiocarcinoma, Neurocirculatory dystonia
Chronic disease of Paragonimus westermani
133
Treatment of Paragonimus westermani
Praziquantel
134
Sheep liver fluke; Transmitted by eating watercress or other aquatic plants; Halzoun - obstructive jaundice and painful pharyngitis
Fasciola hepatica
135
Intestinal fluke; Transmission: eating aquatic vegetation; Gland abscesses; Worm intoxication - anasarca and coma resulting from accumulation of toxins
Fasciolopsis buski
136
Intestinal fluke; transmitted by eating raw fish containing cysts; Mimics peptic ulcer disease
Heterophyes heterophyes & Metagonimus yokagawai
137
Most common and largest intestinal nematode; Giant roundworm; Soil-transmitted helminth; Transmission: ingestion of eggs; Major damage during larval migration; Principal site of tissue reaction is the lungs; Heavy worm burden may contribute to malnutrition
Ascaris lumbricoides
138
Infective stage of Ascaris lumbricoides
Embryonated egg
139
Diagnostic stage of Ascaris lumbricoides
Unembryonated egg only
140
Diagnostics of Ascaris lumbricoides
Direct fecal smear
| Kato-katz technique
141
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Loeffler's Syndrome
142
Treatment of Ascaris lumbricoides
DOC: Albendazole
143
Soil-transmitted helminth; Blood-sucking nematodes; Hookworms; transmission: larvae penetrate skin; major damage due to blood loss at site of attachment causing microcytic anemia
Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
144
Infective stage of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Filariform larvae
145
Diagnostic stage of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Eggs in feces
146
Ground itch at site of entry; Serpiginous tracks (cutaneous larvae migrans; eosinophilic pneumonia
Acute disease of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
147
Diagnostics of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Direct fecal smear
| Kato-katz Technique
148
Microcytic, Hypochromic Anemia; Hypoalbuminemia
Chronic Anemia of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
149
Treatment of Necator americanus & Ancylostoma duodenale
Albendazole
150
Whipworm; Soil transmitted helminth; barrel shaped eggs with bipolar plugs; transmission: ingestion of eggs; burrow their hairlike anterior ends into the intestinal mucosa; Do not cause significant anemia; diarrhea and rectal prolapse
Trichuris trichiura
151
Infective stage of Trichuris trichiura
Embryonated egg
152
Diagnostic stage of Trichuris trichiura
Unembryonated egg
153
Diagnostics of Trichuris trichiura
Direct fecal smear
| Kato-katz Technique
154
Treatment of Trichuris trichiura
DOC: Mebendazole
155
Pinworm or seatworm; soil transmitted helminth; life cycle is confined to humans; Most common STH in developed countries (Cosmopolitan worm); transmission: ingestion of eggs, inhalation of eggs; causing perianal pruritus (Pruritus ani)
Enterobius vermicularis
156
Infective stage of Enterobius vermicularis
Embryonated egg
157
Diagnostic stage of Enterobius vermicularis
Eggs on perianal folds
158
Diagnostics of Enterobius vermicularis
Graham's Scotch Tape Technique
159
Pruritus ani, eosinophilic enterocolitis, vulvovaginitis, appendicitis (oxyuriasis)
Enterobiasis
160
Treatment of Enterobius vermicularis
DOC: Pyrantel pamoate
161
Soil-transmitted helminth; Facultative parasites; Transmission: larvae penetrate skin; larvae penetrate intestinal wall directly without leaving host and migrate o the lungs (autoinfection)
Strongyloides stercoralis
162
Infective stage of Strongyloides stercoralis
Filariform larvae
163
Diagnostic stage of Strongyloides stercoralis
Rhabditiform larvae
164
Diagnostics of Strongyloides stercoralis
Harada-Mori Culture
165
Ground itch at site of entry; mild watery diarrhea; eosinophilic pneumonia
Acute disease of Strongyloides stercoralis
166
Serpiginous track (Larva currens); Duodenitis; Paradoxical asthma; Hyperinfection syndrome
Chronic disease of Strongyloides stercoralis
167
Treatment of Strongyloides stercoralis
DOC: Ivermectin
168
Intestinal nematode; Only nematode whose life cycle involves a migratory bird; peanut-shaped eggs with flattened bipolar plugs; Transmission: undercooked fish; Leads to ulcerative and compressive degeneration of enterocytes, resulting in severe malabsorption
Capillaria philippinensis
169
Infective stage of Capillaria philippinensis
Infective larvae
170
Diagnostic stage of Capillaria philippinensis
Unembryonated egg
171
Diagnostics of Capillaria philippinensis
Direct fecal smear
| Kato-katz technique
172
Borborygmus, fever, abdominal pain, eosinophilia
Acute disease of Capillaria philippinensis
173
Chronic watery diarrhea, edema, wasting, protein-losing enteropathy, hypogammaglobulinemia
Chronic disease of Capillaria philippinensis
174
Treatment of Capillaria philippinensis
DOC: Albendazole
175
Blood and tissue nematode; Most debilitating nematode infection; transmission: mosquito bite; adult worms in the lymph nodes cause inflammation that obstructs lymphatic vessels, causing lymphedema; Microfilariae do not cause symptoms
Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
176
Infective stage of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
L3 larvae (3rd stage larvae)
177
Diagnostic stage of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
Microfilariae
178
Diagnostics of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
Thick blood smear
| DEC (Diethylcarbamazine) Provocation Test
179
Acute adenolymphangitis; filarial fever; Nocturnal wheezing (tropical pulmonary eosinophilia) with small epithelioid granulomas (Meyers-Kouvenaar bodies); Expatriate syndrome
Acute disease of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
180
Hydrocoele, elephantiasis, milky urine (chyluria)
Chronic disease of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
181
Treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti & Brugia malayi
Diethylcarbamazine
182
Tissue nematode; intermediate hosts: pigs; transmission: undercooked pork
Trichinella spiralis
183
Infective and Diagnostic Stage of Trichinella spiralis
Encysted larvae
184
Diagnostics of Trichinella spiralis
Muscle biopsy
| Xenodiagnosis
185
Fever, muscle pain, periorbital edema, eosinophilia and hemorrhagic phenomena
Mild disease of Trichinella spiralis
186
Myocarditis, encephalitis, pneumonia, respiratory myositis
Severe disease of Trichinella spiralis
187
Treatment of Trichinella spiralis
DOC: Thiabendazole
188
Transmitted by female blackfly (Simulium); With dermal nodules, hanging groin, lizard skin, river blindness
Onchocerca volvulus
189
Lysis of worms of Onchocerca volvulus leads to
Mazzoti reaction (flu-like reaction)
190
Treatment of Onchocerca volvulus
DOC: Ivermectin
191
Transmitted by deer fly or mango fly (Chrysops); Subcutaneous edema (Calabar swellings); worm crawling across the conjunctiva
Loa loa
192
Serpent of Istraelites; Guinea fire worm; Transmitted when copepods are swallowed in water; Pruritic painful papule, live worm in skin ulcer
Dracunculus medinensis
193
Treatment of Dracunculus medinensis
Mechanical removal of worm
194
Dog ascaris; Visceral larva migrans; ocular toxoplasmosis - ocular larva migrans, uveitis, endophthalmitis
Toxocara canis
195
Dog and cat hookworm; creeping eruptions (cutaneous larva migrans)
Ancylostoma caninum and Ancylostoma braziliense
196
Transmitted in undercooked seafood, eosinophilic meningitis; Most common cause of parasitic meningitis
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
197
Zoonotic roundworms; Ingested in raw seafood; Causes eosinophilic gastroenteritis
Anisakis simplex
198
Infective stage of Taenia spp.
Cysticerci and
| Eggs (T. solium)
199
Diagnostic stage of Taenia spp.
Gravid proglottids
200
Infective stage of Trypanosoma cruzi and brucei
Metacyclic trypomastigotes
201
Diagnostic stage of Trypanosoma cruzi and brucei
Trypomastigotes in blood
202
Infective stage of Toxoplasma gondii
Fecal oocyts
203
Diagnostic stage of Toxoplasma gondii
Trophozoite (bradyzoites)
204
Infective stage of Plasmodium spp.
Sporozoites
205
Diagnostic stage of Plasmodium spp.
Trophozoites (ring forms)
206
Infective and Diagnostic stage of Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoites
207
Infective and Diagnostic stage of Cryptosporidium parvum
Thick-walled oocysts
208
Infective stage of Giardia lamblia
Cysts
209
Diagnostic stage of Giardia lamblia
Trophozoites, Cysts
210
Infective stage of Entamoeba histolytica
Mature cysts
211
Diagnostic stage of Entamoeba histolytica
Trophozoites
Mature cysts
Immature cysts
