Genes

Question 1

phenotype

Answer 1

observable characteristics
- behaviour + products of behaviour
- dev process
- morphology

Question 2

genotype

Answer 2

complete set of genetic material

Question 3

allele

Answer 3

variant of given gene

Question 4

mendelian inheritance

Answer 4

• unitary (white or blue)
• one dominant other recessive
• random segregation
• unlinked genes (independent assortment)

Question 5

independent assortment in modern terms

Answer 5

unlinked genes

Question 6

molecular gene

Answer 6

sequence of nucleotides in DNA that get transcribed to produce functional RNA

Question 7

chromosome

Answer 7

long DNA sequence w packaging proteins

Question 8

packaging protein in eukaryots

Answer 8

histone

Question 9

non-mendelian inheritance

Answer 9

1. incomplete dominance
2. codominance
3. polygenic inheritance

Question 10

incomplete dominance

Answer 10

phenotype of heterozygous different from phenotype of homozygous

Question 11

codominance

Answer 11

both alleles for gene expressed
- cows with brown and white spots

Question 12

multiple alleles

Answer 12

genes exist in several diff forms
- A, B, O blood types

Question 13

lethal alleles

Answer 13

cause organism death
- growth + dev genes
- can be dominant or recessive

Question 14

pleiotropy

Answer 14

one gene influences 2+ phenotypes

Question 15

antagonistic pleiotropy

Answer 15

gene beneficial + harmful
- beneficial early in life bc natural selection

Question 16

polygenic

Answer 16

2 + genes for 1 phenotype
- bell curve

Question 17

multifactorial inheritance

Answer 17

polygenic + environmental factors

Question 18

quantitative inheritance

Answer 18

expression of trait depends on many genes

Question 19

epistasis

Answer 19

interactions with other genes (non-allelic modifier genes)
- effect masked by different genes
- eg baldness masks bonde + red hair

Question 20

polygenic inheritance model problems

Answer 20

• independent inheritance of genes
• no epistasis
• all genes hold equal sway over expression

Question 21

threshold trait

Answer 21

inherited quantitatively but expression qualitatively
- schizophrenia traits only act up after threshold

Question 22

gene penetrance

Answer 22

likelihood of gene expression

Question 23

gene expressivity

Answer 23

variability of phenotype when allele is penetrant

Question 24

factors in penetrance + expressivity

Answer 24

1 genetic background (epistasis)
2 temperature
3 food
4. sex limited
5. sex influenced

Question 25

sex limited genes

Answer 25

present in both sexes but turned off in one sex

Question 26

sex influenced genes

Answer 26

same gene differential expression in diff sexes

Question 27

sex linked traits

Answer 27

gene is on a sex chromosome - x dominant - x recessive - y linked

Question 28

sex linked traits diseases X chromosome

Answer 28

1. haemophilia 2. fragile x syndrome 3. colour blindness

Question 29

partially imprint

Answer 29

alleles from both parents expressed rather than complete expression (+ suppression) of one gene

Question 29

genomic imprinting

Answer 29

gene expression depends on if you've inherited it from mother or father

Question 30

sexual antagonism

Answer 30

two sexes have conflicting fitness strategies with sex

Question 31

heritable variations of genes

Answer 31

1. recombination (crossing over) 2. mutation

Question 32

epigenetics examples

Answer 32

1. environment 2. food 3. exercise

Question 32

epigenetics

Answer 32

heritable phenotype changes without changing DNA sequence

Question 33

PKU

Answer 33

mutation, causess low levels of phenalynyl hydroxylase treatment: diet, low levels of phenylaline

Question 34

sex chromosome abnormalities

Answer 34

1. XXY (Kleinfelter) - small testicles 2. XYY (Jacob's) - taller, aggressive 3. XO (Turner) - normal IQ but bad spatial so problems with maths 4. XXX - learning disabilities + taller

Question 34

autosomal chromosom abnormalities

Answer 34

1. trisomy 21 2. Angelmann (small head + severe learning disabilities) 3. Prader-Wili Syndrome - from father, obesity + diabetes

Question 35

Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

Answer 35

- XY but phenotype female - sex dev bc androgen receptor dysfunction - small testes - infertility

Question 36

CAH hormone

Answer 36

- more male-type behaviour - stronger amygdala activation to faces w negative emotions - hippocampus less activated for face recognition

Question 37

PCOS hormone

Answer 37

higher androgen level, causes homosexuality

Question 38

AIS hormone

Answer 38

- brain feminization - testosterone to estradiol

Question 39

Autism increases with hormone

Answer 39

fetal T

Question 40

heritability

Answer 40

estimation of phenotypic variability

Question 41

genotype environment correlations

Answer 41

1. passive gene influences (parents genes + environment they create) 2. evocative gene influence 3. active gene influence

Question 42

active gene influence explained

Answer 42

kids pick out environments that suit their genetic predispositions

Question 43

trad methods of behavioral genetics

Answer 43

1. twins 2. adoption 3. family

Question 44

big 5 factors with personality

Answer 44

1. extraversion 2. openness 3. neuroticism 4. agreeableness 5. conscientiousness

Question 45

Vasorepression receptor gene long - what kind of person are they

Answer 45

altruistic