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Genes Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

what is a gene

A

a biologicl unit of heredity; sections of chromosomes, comprised of DNA

each gene had a code for a particular protein as well as information on where and how they should be mae

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2
Q

chromosomes

A

long strands of DNA and protines, tightly wound aroung protiens which provide structural support to them

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3
Q

DNA

A

consist of nucleotides. sugar molecule, phosphate and a base. human body has about 3 billion base pairings

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4
Q

base pairings structue

A

arranged into squences of 3 codons which code for the manufactuew of 20 amino acids

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5
Q

what are the base pairings

A

Adine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C)

can only be paired one way (A-T) (G-C)

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6
Q

function of genes

A

to pass on information nessary to build proteins from one generation to the next

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7
Q

function of proteins

A

Antidotes -> protect the body
Enzymes -> all chemical reactions (digestion)
Messengers -> hormones
Structural proteins -> body/cell structre
Transport and storage

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8
Q

necleotides

A

combination of sugar, phosphate and chemical bases

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9
Q

codons

A

triplets of nucleotides, which code for amino acids

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10
Q

amino acids

A

building blocks of proteins

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11
Q

Stage 1 gene translation

A

transcription:
- DNA strand serves as a template for the synthesis of a complementary, single strand of ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

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12
Q

stage 2 gene translation

A

translation:
- Ribosomes translate the RNA sequence to enzymatically assemble amino acids to form polypeptides.

DNA -> RNA -> protein

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13
Q

mRNA

A

a formed RNA polymrtised

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14
Q

genotype

A

an individuals genetic make up

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15
Q

phenotype

A

an individuals observable characteristics

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16
Q

transcriptions

A

a process by which a single stranf of DNA serves a template for which a strand of RNA is built

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17
Q

translation

A

process by which the RNA is used to code for a series of amino acidsc

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18
Q

cell division

A

the division of a cell must be accompanied by a replication of DNA. each DNA strand acts as its own template. each progeny cell has one parental strand and one daughter strand

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19
Q

mutations

A

occur in copying errors of damage to a parental strand-causes one or more wrong assess to be incorparated into the daughter strand. most mutations are harmless and dont cange the overall function of a protein

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20
Q

the father of genetics

Study These Flashcards
A

pea plant experiment. grew 10,000 pea plants keeping track of progeny number and type. discovered the fundamental laws of inheretance. genes come in pairs

21
Q

how are genes inherited

Study These Flashcards
A

they have alternative forms allels. each plant has a pair of genes that code for each trait, one inherited from eahc parent (RR, Rr, rr)

22
Q

allels

Study These Flashcards
A

alternative forms of a gene that form different characteristics

23
Q

dominant

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A

the characteristic controlled by a dominant allele will always be displated uf present

24
Q

recessive

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A

characteristic will only show if recessive allel inherited from both parents (ginger hair)

25
homozygous
both allels are dominent or recessive (RR, rr)
26
heterozygous
one dominant and one recessive allele (Rr)
27
the genetics of depression
5-HTT gene (seitonin transporter) has two versions, long(l) and short(s). people who carry eithet the ss or sl allele have a higher chance or expericing depression than those with the ll alleles. also connected to PTSD, anxiety and alcoholism
28
genetics of suiside
SKA2 gene associayed with regulation of cortisol. reduced levels of SKA2 protein=less surpression of a cortisol release. Methylation increased at SKA2 gene predictswith participants who have suisidal thoughts or attemps
29
the warrior gene
variations in the gene that produced monomine oxidase A (MAOA). first gene to be linked to anti-social behaviour. more recently, finish crinimals convicted to several violent crimes are likely to carry the MAOA-L gene than non-violent crimes
30
HE
heritability esimate - statistical indicator of genetic infulence on variation of a trait
31
HE=0
no genetic infulance, all is due to the enviroment
32
HE=1
100% of variation is due to genetic differences
33
relatedness
how much of your genetic make up is related to people - parents= 0.5 - siblings= 0.5 - SIL= ~0 - neice and nephews= 0.25
34
Herability of Intelligece
is polygenic which makes the HE hard. about 50-75% od differences in intelligence attribute to DNA differernce between individuals HE=~ 0.4-0.5 in childhood HE= ~ 0.7-0.8 in adulthood
35
enviroment and intelligence
home enviroement, enviromental enrichment and deprivation, education levels are all different enviromental factors which can affect your intelligence
36
Herability of persoanality
twin pairs study - Yufe and Stohr, raised different religions. same style and humour - lewis and Springer. same hight and weight. both 1st and 2nd wife have the same name. same dog name. samw 1st born name `
37
reaction tages
we dont inherit chanracteristics but genetic predispositions are expressed as a result of our enviroments
38
psychopathy
personality disorder characterised by anti-social behaviour, impairs wmpathy and egosititical traits. HE= ~0.5
39
3 points of natrual selection
Competition, Variation and Heritability
40
Competition (natrual selection)
populations can grow exponentially, but resources are limited, struggle for exitance
41
Variation (natrual selection)
individuals vary in there ability to compete, inevitable selection of individuals with the most advantagous variations. individuals best adapted to their enviroments are more likely to surive
42
Herability
variation is heritable. differential reporducive sucess leads to a progressove evolution of particular populations
43
cooperation
two or more indivuals woeking together to a common goal, opposed to working in completion for a selfish benifit. often degreased the reporducive sucess of the individual performing the cooperative behaviour
44
alturism
behaviour y an indiviudl that increased the fitness of another individual whilw decreasing the fitness of the actor
45
hamiltons gene-eye view
asked whether genes could promote cooperative action by the individual in order to pass on more copies of themselves. fundamental in shaping our idea of genetic basis for altrism
46
kin selection
evolutionary strategy that favours the reproducitve success of an indivuals relatives - clone/ identical twin- 100% - sibling- 50% - nephew- 25% - friend- 0%
47
coefficient of relatedness
r- the probabiluty that you share a gene with someone else. full sibling r=1/2 (0.5). half sibling r=1/4 (0.25)i
48
kin recognition
an organisms ability to distinguish between close genetic kin and non-kiin proximity and phenotype matching

Psychology (3 decks)

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