sensation and perception

Question 1

sensation

Answer 1

a bottom up process, where our bodies are impinges arounf the outer world and grasp whats happening in the moment. the stimulus detection process by which our sense organa respons and translate our enviroemtal stimuli

Question 2

perception

Answer 2

further down the line, more like an end process. making sense of what our senses tell us, first person conscious experience. where its coming from and what it means ti us

Question 3

sensation, perception and action cycle

Answer 3

when we interact with the world, the stimuli interact with the world around us which leads us to make certian discoms on the sensing of the world which then continues back to the outer world. the stimuli are transformed into eletrical enetgy in our nervous systems, this energy allows us to have eletrical perception but also leads us to behave in certian ways.

Question 4

what you percieve is not what you see

Answer 4

ABC vs 12,13,14. the stimuli is what we see and contect around us

Question 5

transduction

Answer 5

the sensory systems in our bodies energy which is used being used to capture energy frim the outside would before converting it into something we can see

Question 6

sensory systems

Answer 6

have evolved to extract information from the enviroment which we need to function and survive

Question 7

transducer function

Answer 7

converts energy into the world into eletrical energy

Question 8

transducer examples

Answer 8

photoreceptor= photons/ eletrochemical= vison
mechanorecpetor= movement/ eletrochemical= hearing and touch
chemosensor= molecules/eletrochemical= smell and taste

Question 9

vision

Answer 9

our eyes tract to eletromagnetic waves which enter the structure of our eyes. our lense is projeting all the information and light to the back of the eye where these neurotransmitters are which the information then gets sent to the brain

Question 10

rods

Answer 10

sensitive for absolute brightness. have more rods than cone, active at night

Question 11

cones

Answer 11

sensitive to colour; more fine grained resolution, active duting the day

Question 12

the fovea

Answer 12

the point of central focus. tryinf to have the most of the light jump on this

Question 13

the cycle of vision

Answer 13

• the light comes through and is projected onto the lense by the retinam and thr ohotons which reach the retina. absorbes by rods and cones
• the end of the rrod is where the photons are absorbes and it changes the liklihood that the cells will be asorbes and reach the brain.
• if enough photons are activated then communcation is inherited and the cells will attach to the optic nerve and then send a signal to the bra

Question 14

the efficieny of detecing light

Answer 14

we only process a small amount of information that is being sent to our eyes. if 100 ohtons are being sent to our eye. 50 are refelcted back by the retina and 50 are absrobes into the viterous humerous. only 7 will eventually make it through and detected by the brain

Question 15

sound frequencies

Answer 15

can hear sound in different pitches (low and high) and different intensities (soft and loud) these are both measured in different ways

Question 16

pitches

Answer 16

low come from slow frequencies wheras higher pitches come from higher frequency sounds. measuered using Hz

Question 17

amplitude

Answer 17

how loud or sofr the sound will be; the prts and troops of soundwaves rather than the pitch. measured using Db

Question 18

the process of hearing

Answer 18

• the pina funnels the sound into the auditory canal and that then reaches the eardrum
• everything creates soundwaves and vibrations in the cochlea which transmits it into the brain
• when a sound reaches the eardrum. the amount the eardrum moves in response to this is how we hear it

Question 19

frequency theory of pitch

Answer 19

nerve impulses sent to the brain match the frequency of the sound wave. works up to 1000Hz

Question 20

place theroy of pitch

Answer 20

the specific poing in the cochlea where the fluid wave peaks ans most strongly bedns the hair cells and serves as frequwncy coding cue, allows us to hear pitches higher than 1000Hz

Question 21

conduction deafness

Answer 21

problems with the mechanical system that transmits sound waves to the cochlea which can be helped with hearing aids

Question 22

nerve deafness

Answer 22

caused by damage precptors within the inner ear or damage to the auditoty nerve itself. cannot be helped with hearing aids

Question 23

physical material world

Answer 23

res ectensa (the thungs that exists)

Question 24

immaterial mind

Answer 24

res cogntions (thinking thing)

Question 25

psychophysics

Answer 25

examines the relationship between the properties of the world and our perceptions

Question 26

outerpsycophysics

Answer 26

an attempt to espablish the direct relationship between the physical intensity of the sensory stimuli and the intensity of the related mental experience

Question 27

inner psycophysics

Answer 27

an attempt to relate experience in the mind to states of ecation in the sensory apparatus

Question 28

magnitude estimation

Answer 28

how high are the streetlights, what temp is the tea - which curve corresponds to estimating the a) length of a line b) strength of an eletrical shock c) intensity of light thinfs that you cant tell without being in the present moment

Question 29

stimulus detection

Answer 29

is there a drinkable liquid in there, is there a road sign there detection thresholds measure the lowest amount of stimulus. you ned to present tehm with the stimulus multiple times for the expriment to be accurate

Question 30

Signal Detection Theory

Answer 30

perception takes place in the precence of uncertianty. often wedissociate sognal from noise in our enviroments. provides a persise langauge and graphic notation for analysing perceptual decisons in the presence of uncertianty - how we make fine discriminations and detections. tje possible telationship bewteen your perception and the actual exteral world

Question 31

difference thresholds

Answer 31

which cup is the fullest, are any lights taller than another - just noticable differences, the smallest difference betwwen 2 stimuli - as the stimuli increases you become less capable of making fine judgements

Question 32

Weber-Fencher law

Answer 32

we can easily detect the differnece between 1cm and 2cm but we would find it difficult to determine the differnce between 1km and 1km and 1cm. - eventhough the change is the same the relitive change is 0.001%

Question 33

sensory adaptation

Answer 33

the diminishing sensotivity to an unchanging stimulis

Question 34

direct pereption

Answer 34

observes directly how we percieve the world. perceptions should be directly determined by the stimulus and unambigous

Question 35

problems with direct perception

Answer 35

illusions, perceptula ambiguity, identity, secpticism

Question 36

illusions as a probelem

Answer 36

bi-stabe illusions show a changing perceptual experience despite an unchanging stimulus

Question 37

perceptual ambiguity

Answer 37

the sensory measurements you make are not always sufficient to decide on one unique correct percept

Question 38

the problem of identify

Answer 38

fo thingd we perceive posess identifuable mind independant characteristics

Question 39

the problem of scepticism

Answer 39

how we know that what we percieve exists. our senses cannot put us into contact with external objects directly. no logical absurdity results from the hypothesis that the world consitst of myself and my thoughts and feelings

Question 40

indirect perception

Answer 40

perceptions are of out interal mental model of the world and not the world itself. you do not experince the world you would experience a model of the world

Question 41

inverse problem

Answer 41

the process of calculating from a set of observations the casual factprs that produced them

Question 42

the inverse problem in vision

Answer 42

the problem of retreiving all of the visual information about the 3D enviroment only using the more limited information contained in the 2D image projected onto the retina - objects may look different from different viewpoints

Question 43

Gestalt laws

Answer 43

emergw, principles of grouping, reflextion, assumption/knowlage, bi-stability, perceptual constancies, psychic contnuity

Question 44

emerge

Answer 44

percept's emerge from data. figure ground templates. stimuli organized into foreground and background figures

Question 45

principles of grouping

Answer 45

closure, similarity, symmetry, proximity, continuity, common face

Question 46

relection

Answer 46

precepts are generates that go beyond what the data alone would suggest

Question 47

assumption/ knowledge

Answer 47

when somethings assumed but there could well be multiple valid percept's

Question 48

bi-stability

Answer 48

ambiguous stimuli are special cases that have multiple valid percept's

Question 49

perceptual constancies

Answer 49

chamging stimulus > same perceptual organization, shape, lightness, size

Question 50

psychic continuity

Answer 50

our minds impose a property of continuity on objects we perceive which is not identifiable

Question 51

perceptual schema

Answer 51

a mental representation or image containing the critical and distinctive featured of a person, object to other perceptual phenomenon

Question 52

perceptual set

Answer 52

what you perceive depends on your readiness to interpret stimuli in a particular way. this heavily dependant on the context around you

Question 53

size distance: depth cues

Answer 53

- we can know the size of the object on the retina - we don't know the size or distance of an object just from our sensory measurement - 2D images falling on the retina could produced many possible sets of depths. you need to ensure that it fits with sensory data and is likely to be true given your previous experience

Question 54

monocular

Answer 54

pectoral depth cues. patters of light and shadow, linear perfectove, interposition, hight in the horizontal plance, texture and clarity, relatve size

Question 55

binocular

Answer 55

binocular disparity, steropsis coverage

Question 56

normal colour vision

Answer 56

trichromats are sensitive to blue-yellow, red-green, black-white colour, absence of high-sensitive phot-pigment in certain cone photo-receptors leads to colour deficient vison

Question 57

dichroats

Answer 57

colour blind to only one of the colour systems

Question 58

monochromats

Answer 58

completely colour blind, only sensitive to black and whote systems

Question 59

synaesteia

Answer 59

mixing of senses. may experience letters/words/numbers/ sounds as colours, taste or touch senses