Genes And Proteins

Question 1

is a large molecule that is consists of one or more polypeptide chain.

Answer 1

Protein

Question 2

is a series of amino acids that are joined together by a polypeptide bond

Answer 2

polypeptide

Question 3

are substances that catalyzes or speed up the rate of a chemical reaction.

Answer 3

Enzymes

Question 4

properties of enzymes largely depend on their ___

Answer 4

amino acid sequence

Question 5

Amino acid structure

Answer 5

Amine group, Hydrogen, carboxyl and R-group

Question 6

is a side chain which determines the type of amino acid

Answer 6

r-group

Question 7

for the proper functioning of enzyme, it must be of ____ and is
___.

Answer 7

the right kind; assembled in the right order

Question 8

not all amino acid substitution leads to a ___

Answer 8

disease

Question 9

Relationship between genes and enzymes was first suggested by ___, an
English physician, in 1902

Answer 9

Archibald Garrod

Question 10

Garrod’s concept about the Relationship between genes and enzymes was developed as a result of his study on a disease called .

Answer 10

alkaptonuria

Question 11

is a recessive trait that causes arthritis

Answer 11

Alkaptonuria

Question 12

The urine of the affected person
turns black upon exposure to the air.

Answer 12

Alkaptonuria

Question 13

Alkaptonuria is accompanied by serious physical and mental ___ (mean IQ – ___).

Answer 13

retardation; 65

Question 14

In the case of alkaptonurics, they cannot metabolize ___ because they
lack the enzyme ___

Answer 14

homogentisic acid; homogentisic acid oxidase.

Question 15

formulated the One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis

Answer 15

Beadle and Tatum

Question 16

WHat does One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis state? (2)

Answer 16

(a) every gene controlled a particular enzyme
(b) the final product of the metabolic process is affected by stepwise succession of enzymes.

Question 17

it means that, there is a one is to one correspondence between genetic mutation and the lack of specific enzyme requires for pathway.

Answer 17

One Gene-One Enzyme Hypothesis

Question 18

the one controlling the synthesis of protein through the RNA

Answer 18

DNA

Question 19

shows the flow of information in the biological systems

Answer 19

central dogma of molecular biology

Question 20

DNA is produced from the RNA

Answer 20

reverse transcription

Question 21

refers to the transfer of genetic
information from the nucleotide sequence of the DNA to the nucleotide sequence of the RNA

Answer 21

Transcription

Question 22

Steps involved in the transcription (2)

Answer 22

1. Uncoupling of the double stranded DNA molecule.
2. Synthesis of RNA along one DNA strand

Question 23

Synthesis of RNA along one DNA strand uses the catalyst:___

Answer 23

RNA polymerase

Question 24

Once the RNA is synthesized, it will move from the ___ to __.

Answer 24

nucleus, cytoplasm

Question 25

Types of ribonucleic acid (RNA (3)

Answer 25

mRNA tRNA rRNA

Question 26

type of rna that carry the instruction for protein synthesis from the DNA (nucleus) to the ribosomes (cytoplasm)

Answer 26

Messenger RNA or mRNA

Question 27

this rna brings the activated amino acids to the mRNA

Answer 27

Transfer RNA or tRNA

Question 28

this rna is incorporated in the ribosomes

Answer 28

Ribosomal RNA or rRNA

Question 29

features of transcription (4)

Answer 29

1.) Involve only certain regions of DNA 2.) Transcription is the major point of control of gene expression 3.)RNA synthesis occurs in a 5' to 3' direction. 4.)Transcription consists of three events (initiation, elongation, and termination)

Question 30

DNA sequences that code for RNA

Answer 30

Coding regions

Question 31

do not code for a gene product

Answer 31

Noncoding regions

Question 32

refers to the synthesis of a polypeptide chain using the genetic instructions from the mRNA.

Answer 32

Translation

Question 33

Steps involved in translation (7)

Answer 33

a. DNA is transcribed to mRNA in the process of transcription. b. The mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes. c. Different RNA’s in the cytoplasm pick up the amino acid and bring them in the ribosome as they move along the mRNA. d. tRNA couples briefly with the mRNA (complementary to RNA bases) in the ribosomes. e. Ribosomes move along the mRNA, adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain. f. As each tRNA donates its amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain, it uncouples from the mRNA. It then moves away from the cytoplasm to pick up more amino acids. g. Once the tRNA completed a peptide chain, it will be release from the ribosomes.

Question 34

RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the ___,found near the beginning of a gene.

Answer 34

promoter

Question 35

Sequences called ___ signal that the RNA transcript is complete

Answer 35

terminators

Question 36

is very important in decoding the DNA and RNA sequences into amino acids

Answer 36

Genetic code

Question 37

is a collection of base triplets of DNA and RNA carrying the genetic information.

Answer 37

Genetic code

Question 38

DNA messages can be interpreted by using the ___

Answer 38

coding system

Question 39

Decoding of mRNAs is being done by reading the nucleotides in group of three, called __

Answer 39

codon

Question 40

important features of codon (4)

Answer 40

a) They specify an amino acid. b) Termination or stop codons mark the end of protein synthesis. c) The codon AUG, which codes for methionine, marks the beginning of protein synthesis d) The mRNA codons are read from 5' to 3' direction. They specify the order of amino acids from the N-terminus to C-terminus

Question 41

Features of Genetic Code (5)

Answer 41

1. Genetic Code is triplet. 2. Genetic Code is degenerate/redundant/repetitious 3. Genetic Code is non-overlapping 4. Genetic Code is universal 5. There are three nonsense codons

Question 42

All amino acids are represented by several codons except __ and __

Answer 42

methionine AUG; tryptophan UGG.

Question 43

Codons for same amino acid usually differ in third position only is based from what hypothesis?

Answer 43

Third Base Degeneracy Wobble Hypothesis

Question 44

The __ bases are critical parts of the codon

Answer 44

first two

Question 45

__, __, and __ called terminator or non-sense codons since they terminate the amino acid chain in the synthesis protein.

Answer 45

UAG, UAA, UGA