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Genetic engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

is known to be the best known application of molecular genetics

A

Genetic engineering

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2
Q

Requirements for Recombinant DNA Technology (6)

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
  2. DNA ligase
  3. Vehicles for cloning
  4. Functional host cell
  5. A method for selection of recipient cells and their multiplication
  6. Recipient cells
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3
Q

part of cell’s defense mechanisms against invading foreign genomes

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
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4
Q

cut within certain well-defined based sequences in the invading DNA fragments

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
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5
Q

shown a high degree of specificity - possible to direct the splitting of DNA of the cloning vehicle

A
  1. Restriction Endonuclease and DNA Ligase
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6
Q

Enzyme that makes possible the insertion of selected piece of DNA

A
  1. DNA ligase
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7
Q

Commonly used vector/vehicles for molecular cloning: (3)

A

a. Plasmids
b. Bacteriophages
c. Agrobacterium tumefaciens

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8
Q

cells that show the characteristics of the introduced gene

A
  1. Recipient cells
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9
Q

refers to the joining together of DNA molecules from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry.

A

Recombinant DNA technology

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10
Q

is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by the combination of at least two strands.

A

Recombinant DNA (rDNA),

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11
Q

Steps of Genetic Recombination Technology (6)

A
  1. Isolation of Genetic Material
  2. Restriction Enzyme Digestion
  3. Amplification Using PCR
  4. Ligation of DNA Molecules
  5. Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host
  6. Isolation of Recombinant Cells
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12
Q

is a method of making multiple copies of a DNA sequence using the enzyme – DNA polymerase in vitro.

A

PCR

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13
Q

helps to amplify a single copy or a few copies of DNA into thousands to millions of copies.

A

PCR

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14
Q

PCR reactions are run on ‘thermal cyclers’ using the following components: (4)

A

Template
primers
enzyme
nucleotides

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15
Q

– DNA to be amplified

A

Template

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16
Q

small, chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are complementary to a region of the DNA.

A

b) Primers

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17
Q

needed to extend the primers by the enzyme.

A

d) Nucleotides

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18
Q

The process of joining these two pieces together using the enzyme ‘DNA ligase’ is ‘

A

ligation

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19
Q

The resulting DNA molecule is a ___ of two DNA molecules – the __ and the __.

A

hybrid; interest molecule, vector

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20
Q

this new hybrid DNA molecule is also called a ____ and the technology is referred to as the _____

A

recombinant DNA molecule; recombinant DNA technology.

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21
Q

In this step, the recombinant DNA is introduced into a recipient host cell mostly, a bacterial cell. This process is ‘____’.

A

Transformation

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22
Q

For isolation of recombinant cell from non-recombinant cell, ___ of plasmid vector is employed.

A

marker gene

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23
Q

Researches on Human Genome (4)

A

-Mapping of Human Genome
-DNA Fingerprinting
-Identification, DNA Sequencing and determination of gene action of human genes
-Mitochondrial DNA and Aging

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24
Q

What year??

DNA sequencing together with computer software that align DNA pieces facilitated the
shift from gene mapping to DNA sequencing.

A

1995

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25
What year ?? Data on human genome sequencing is shown in the public.
1996
26
What year?? Sequencing of 99% of the human genome accomplished.
2000
27
What year?? Progress in microarray technology (for investigating gene function and interactions)
2000 to present
28
technique of DNA fingerprinting involves the use of: (2)
-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), -Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or Minisatellites
29
regions of DNA that vary among individuals
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs),
30
another method of DNA fingerprinting consider tandemly repeated sequences.
Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) or Minisatellites
31
The focus is on genes that control heritable diseases such as: (4)
a) Osteoarthritis b) Duchenne muscular dystrophy c) Huntington’s disease d) breast cancer disposition gene (BRCA 1 and BRCA 2)
32
It is claimed that aging may be caused by the buildup mutation of ____
mitochondrial DNA.
33
Researches on Animal Genes (4)
Super-ovulation Hormone Rat Pancreatic Peptide Gene Transgenic Fishes Transgenic Livestock and Poultry
34
A recombinant ______ produced by Integrated Genetics, Inc. causes superovulation in cattle.
bovine follicle-stimulating hormone (bFSH)
35
Injection of ____ into a strain of obese rats reduced feeding and absorption of fats
pancreatic peptide
36
This transgenic fish Carries foreign gene for growth hormone; grow faster than non-transgenics
salmon
37
In salmon, Alongside the growth hormone gene, the gene for ___ was inserted
beta galactosidase
38
To improve the characteristics of livestock and poultry, _____ are transferred to the animals
growth hormones
39
 30% more efficient in feed conversion  Reach the marketable size 7 week earlier than their non-transgenic counterpart
Transgenic pigs
40
. Researches on Plant Genes (5)
Genetically Modified for resistance to insect pest, disease & herbicides -Genetically modified for improved nutritional qualities -Genetically modified for special products -Genetically modified for enhanced quality traits -Mapping of Plant Genomes
41
Insertion of _____ for crystals toxic to Lepidopteran insects into canola, corn, cotton, potato, soybeans and tomato provide season-long protection against Lepidopteran insect pests.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene
42
Insertion of _____ genes provides resistance against papaya ring spot virus and banana bunchy top virus.
Virus coat protein
43
bar gene: _____ bxn genes: from ____ for resistance against ___.
Streptomyces hygrospicus Klebsiella herbicides
44
this gene is introduced into rice
Methionine-rich gene
45
Genes for enzyme that converts sucrose to ____ are inserted into sugar beets; yields __ of their dry weight as fructans.
fructans; 40%
46
genes from ___ flower and bacterium ____, the source of ____ enzyme to enable rice to synthesize ____, precursor of vitamin A
daffodil; Erwinia uredovora; phytoene desaturase; carotene
47
iron- storage protein; accumulates in the endosperm, tripling the rice iron content.
Ferritin
48
Transgenic potatoes producing vaccine against (3)
E.coli enterotoxin, cholera toxin and Norwalk virus.
49
Transgenic bananas and tomatoes producing vaccines against ___
hepatitis B.
50
Transgenic tomatoes producing vaccines against respiratory ____ (causes lower respiratory tract disease in infant and children)
syncytial virus
51
Delayed tomato ripening by inserting antisense gene for ____ (enzymes for breaking down pectin)
polygalacturonase
52
tomatoes with ___ gene ripen on the vine to develop flavor and color before the softening process, thus prolonging its shelf life
antisense
53
Improved flavor and sweetness by inserting genes for ___ into tomato and lettuce.
moneliin
54
insertion of antisense gene for ____ (enzyme that polymerizes phenolic compound to form dark pigment)
polyphenol oxidase
55
Genome mapping requires identification of ___
DNA markers
56
– DNA fragments that can distinguished from one another due to their differences in nucleotide sequences.
DNA markers
57
Researches on Microbial Gene (4)
-Iron-oxidizing bacteria -Microbes to track organisms -Bacterial biosensors -Molecular pharming
58
Iron-oxidizing bacteria is used to leach metals (Cu, uranium) from __
Fe ore
59
Used to process waste H2S gas produced by petroleum refineries
Iron-oxidizing bacteria
60
Bacteria genetically engineered to glow in the dark  Can be used as living biosensors for detection of virtually any class of toxic agents
Bacterial biosensors
61
Hormone for glucose uptake; For diabetis
Insulin
62
Dissolves blood clot; heart attack victims
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
63
Blood clotting factor; certain types of hemophilia patients
Factor VIII
64
Lower blood pressure; hypertension
Renin inhibitor
65
production of medically important proteins in the mammary gland of livestock
Molecular pharming
66
Dissolves blood clot Host:__
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA); Goat
67
Used as iron supplement in infant formula Host:
Lactoferrin Cattle
68
Treatment of diabetis Host:
Insulin-like growth factor 1 Cattle
69
Biosafety and Ecological Implications (2)
1. Potential ecological effects 2. Regulatory policies
70
must be the basis for planning for the development, testing and risk assessment of the introduction of GE organisms into environment.
Ecological principles

Genetics (7 decks)

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