Mutation Flashcards
refers to any change in the genetic material of the organism.
Mutation
categories of mutations (2)
Somatic mutation
Germ mutation
occurs in any body cell except egg cell; not passed on to offspring since it ceases to exist when the organism die.
Somatic mutation
occurs in the reproductive cell; can be transmitted to offspring and be passed on from one generation to another.
Germ mutation
Classification of Mutation (3)
a) Mutation due to changes in chromosome number
b) Mutation due to change in chromosome structure
c) Gene mutation
abberations in the chromosome may include: (3)
a) whole genome,
b) entire single chromosome, and
c) part of the chromosome.
Mutation that results from changes in chromosome number can be expressed in the form of __ or __
euploidy or aneuploidy
are characterized by the possession of an entire set of chromosome
Euploids
have an imbalance in the sex determining mechanism resulting to sterility due to aberrant meiosis.
polyploids/y
is a characteristic more common in plants than in animals
Polyploidy
are characterized by the multiplication of a single whole genome or
chromosome set.
Autopolyploids
Polyploid plants are characterized by (3);
- Increased in the individual cell size.
- Slower growth rate and later maturity than diploids
- Thicker leaves, larger but fewer flowers, and larger fruits than diploids, reduce fertility in varying degrees.
are characterized by the multiplication of two or more genomes or
chromosome sets.
Allopolyploids
They are responsible for the formation of the new species such as wheat, tobacco, and Raphanobrassica
Allopolyploids
occurs when one or more chromosomes of a normal set (genome) are
lacking or are present in excess.
Aneuploidy
Examples of aneuploidy in man: (7)
-Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome)
-Trisomy 18 (Edward Syndrome)
-Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome)
-Turner’s Syndrome (2n = 45, 22II +X)
-Klienfelter’s Syndrome (2n = 47, 22II +XXY)
-Metafemale
-Double Y Syndrome.
They are characterized by mental retardation and premature menopause
metafemale
They are characterized by antisocialism, aggressiveness, criminal tendency, and low IQ
Double Y Syndrome
Types of Structural Changes in the Chromosome (4)
- Deficiencies or Deletions
- Duplication or Repeats
- Inversion
- Interchange or Reciprocal Translocation
represent a loss of segment of the chromosome
Deficiencies or Deletions
Examples of chromosomal deficiency in man: (2)
Philadelphia 22 chromosome
Cri-du-chat Syndrome
is a deficiency for the large portion of long arm of chromosome 22
Philadelphia 22 chromosome
is due to the deletion in the short arm of the chromosome 5.
It is distinguished by cat-like cry during infancy, unique facial feature and other form of physical and mental retardation
Cri-du-chat Syndrome
occur when the section of the chromosome is in excess of the
normal amount.
2Duplication or Repeats
