Genetic etiology

Question 1

what is an odds ratio?

Answer 1

measure of association between an exposure and outcome.

Question 2

schizophrenia is a genetic disorder, but is neither:

Answer 2

necessary nor sufficient

Question 3

cells involved in genes:

Answer 3

genome, cell, chromosome, DNA, proteins

Question 4

different protein involvement in gene making: (3)

Answer 4

1. single nucleotide polymorphisms may influence shape of proteins
2. genes contain instructions for making proteins
3. proteins act alone or in complexes to perform many cellular functions

Question 5

gene genetic variation for schizophrenia:

Answer 5

risk alleles of schizo

Question 6

cells genetic variation for schizophrenia:

Answer 6

molecular abnormalities

Question 7

systems genetic variation for schizophrenia:

Answer 7

abnormal brain function

Question 8

behavior genetic variation for schizophrenia:

Answer 8

emergent behavioral phenomena

Question 9

case control samples show that in sz patients, they have carries of:

Answer 9

SNP X

Question 10

Manhattan plot:

Answer 10

scatterplot that plots statistics of a given SNP ordered by chromosomes

Question 11

schizophrenia is a what type of disorder?

Answer 11

polygenic disorder

Question 12

deletions:

Answer 12

segment of chromosome that is missing

Question 13

duplications:

Answer 13

having 2 sections that are identical

Question 14

insertions:

Answer 14

have a segment that doesn’t go there

Question 15

de novo:

Answer 15

arise new

Question 16

wrongness in dna can occur via inheritance or:

Answer 16

de novo: arising new

Question 17

genes are responsible for making:

Answer 17

proteins involved in nearly all cellular activities

Question 18

in the case of schizophrenia, the vast majority of genes implicated are associated with the:

Answer 18

development and maintenance of cells in the brain

Question 19

the 4 regions in brain that hutkins et al found at times or development:

Answer 19

region 1: early prenatal
region 2: early to mid prenatal
region 3: mid late Renata;
region 4: late prenatal

Question 20

latent vulnerability model shows:

Answer 20

how environment can lead to schizophrenia

Question 21

which environmental factors can lead to sz?

Answer 21

low protective factors, high stressors/challenges, risk genotypes

Question 22

meta analysis:

Answer 22

statistical examination of data from a number of independent studies of the same subjects in order to determine trends

Question 23

most consistent evidence of trends to cause sz are:

Answer 23

childhood trauma, substance use, urbanicity

Question 24

prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids is:

Answer 24

neurotoxic

Question 25

chronic elevation of glucocorticoids reduces:

Answer 25

number of neurons in pathway

Question 26

prolonged exposure to glutocorticoids dusrupts the efficiency of

Answer 26

the negative feedback loop so stress response becomes inefficient

Question 27

which trauma has the most impact?

Answer 27

emotional trauma

Question 28

in CTQ score, childhood trauma is much higher in:

Answer 28

a person with sz than who doesn't

Question 29

the caveats to the cannabis psychosis persistence model:

Answer 29

self medication, cannabis being a "dirty drug", genetic risk factors for cannabis use and sz overlap.

Question 30

cannabis psychosis persistence model shows:

Answer 30

3 persons who are exposed to cannabis and if they gain psychotic disorder or not

Question 31

biological mediators of urbanicity:

Answer 31

1. obstetric complications 2. low vitamin d levels 3.air pollution, traffic 4. genetic vulnerability 5. cannabis use

Question 32

social mediators of urbanicity:

Answer 32

deprivation neighborhood organization ethnic composition migration

Question 33

gene x environment interaction:

Answer 33

interactions may also take the form of environmental factors impacting DNA methylation, producing changes in egenes

Question 34

epigenetic:

Answer 34

study of how behavior and environment can cause cellular changes and affect the way genes work

Question 35

epigenetic changes are _____ and __ ___ change your DNA sequence but they can change:

Answer 35

reversible; do nor; how your body reads a DNA sequence

Question 36

preconception factors:

Answer 36

famine, exposure to viral infections, pregnancy complications, maternal depression