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Psych 403 - Crim > Genetic Factors > Flashcards

Genetic Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

what is behavioral genetics?

A

quantitatively oriented science that estimates relative contributions of both heritable and enviro factors to human behavior

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2
Q

who was the first to study heritability of non-physical phenotypic features?

A

Galton

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3
Q

the expression of one phenotype over the other results from _____

A

dominance or incomplete dominance

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4
Q

what is polygenic?

A

characteristics of interest - influenced by multiple genes

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5
Q

intellectual functioning can be influenced by genes that regulate what?

A

NT function
cerebral morphology
blood flow
-> high correlation

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6
Q

does behavioral genetics imply determinism?

A

no but born with predispositions
- not imply absolute control by geens

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7
Q

what is h^2?

A

heritability
- ratio of genetic variance to phenotypic variance
- what portion of the observed trait’s expression can be created by genetic factors

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8
Q

what does 0 and 1 mean for h^2?

A

0 = no identified genetic contribution
1 = all variance is genetically based

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9
Q

what does heritability do?

A

estimates how important genes are to the expression of a given trait

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10
Q

h^2 is based on who?

A

whole population
- variable
- heavily dependent on measurement approaches used to assess given trait

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11
Q

what is s^2?

A
  • variance
  • quantifies amount of spread in given population but there is variability
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12
Q

variance accounts for what?

A

individual or group differences
- great or small

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13
Q

what did Buss say about h^2?

A

it is never 0 in psychology

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14
Q

what is genotype?

A

alleles possessed by an individual organism

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15
Q

what is phenotype?

A

manifested characteristics of organism

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16
Q

what is polygenic determination?

A

several genes contribute to expression of a certain characteristic

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17
Q

is h^2 constant over time?

A

no
- total variance in any trait can change and so can h^2
- it is about genetic differences between one organism to another

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18
Q

what are the 2 types of enviro effects?

A

c^2 and e^2

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19
Q

what is shared enviro?

A

c^2
- aspects encountered by all members of a certain group
- full siblings raised by bio parents

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20
Q

what are non -shared?

A

encountered uniquely

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21
Q

what is epigenetics?

A

study of changes in expression of genes that do not result from alteration in sequence of genetic code

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22
Q

how do genes get switched on and off?

A

in response to enviro factors

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23
Q

what is DNA methylation?

A
  • methyl groups attach to certain pieces of DNA which affect a gene’s expression
    -> prevents combination of genes
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24
Q

SLC6A4

A

serotonin transporter gene
- lower 5-HT = increased aggression
- hypermethylation = lower 5-HT synthesis
- correlates to depression and anxiety

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25
OXTR
oxytocin transporter gene empathy and emotional reg - low hostility - antisocial
26
MAO-A promoter
monoamineoxidase promoter - initiates transcription - hypermethylation = increased aggression and ASPD - most direct lane
27
DRDI
dopamine receptor gene - more methylated in aggressive boys - lower exec fxn and cog
28
KEY**: what is evocative style?
mom is closer to younger sister bc spends more time with her so the influence she exerts on your behavior is different than those on your younger sister ->>> it is the way we bring out things in other people -> reactions
29
what are gene effects confounded by?
environment effects - the effects of one are hard to differentiate from another - if one sib has a convinction the other highly likely does too if they are raised in the same enviro bc of evocative style
30
how can h^2 be estimated by examining correlation between MZ and Dz twins?
h^2 = 2(rMZ - rDZ) rMZ = 0.87 rDZ = 0.72
31
what did Lykken write about h^2 and c^2?
h^2 = 0.3-0.4 range c^2 = 0.3 but decreases over lifespan as e^2 and h^2 increases
32
what influences h2 and c2?
parental control/influence decreases total variability increases
33
what is much higher for component traits?
h2 - aggression - fearless - IQ - impulsive - sensation seeking
34
Mednick study purpose and results
- intension is to separate heritability from enviro - neglect e2 - wanted to follow children adopted from and into both criminal and non-criminal families - interaction effect - effect of bring reared by criminal parents is more influential if there is a bio predisposition than enviro effect
35
problems with adoption studies?
decreases variability to well below random levels which artificially suppress e2 estimates if r = 0 - higher proportion of observed variance stems from heritable contributors
36
KEY: how is criminal behavior best understood?
in terms of interaction between genetic and environmental factors having both factors is worse outcome than individual effect
37
what is cNS model?
is it a bridging model - theory about fxn of CNS and able to accommodate existing data - marries 2 separate areas of inquiry - brain and behavior - psych and physical - can emphasize diff aspects of learning (AS behavior)
38
what did Eysenck do?
ARAS levels - high level of between-subject variance - receive input from most major sensory systems - sleep-wake transitions and lvl of cortical arousal - influence more fundamental processes
39
what are the differences in ARAS determined by?
genetics Ascending Reticular Activating System - differences in orthogonal dimensions (UNCORRELATED) of I-E, P, N
40
I-E, P, N
introversion-extroversion: interaction psychoticism: ability to accept other perspectives and opinions neuroticism: instability vs stability
41
what does I-E, P and N influence?
pre-disposition and one's tendency to engage in criminal behavior - moderator variable
42
low ARAS = ?
antisocial -> criminal altruistic -> heroic
43
what did Eysenck present?
evidence that prisoners score higher on NP than controls - greatest hypothesized differences (I-E) were small
44
what does P represent in prisoner terms?
autism and lack of empathy and meotion
45
I-E axis matters for what?
what type of crime
46
Gray's model based on _____
septohippocampal sys - deals with organism's responses to CS
47
BAS
behavioral activation system - approach
48
BIS
behavioral inhibition system - avoidance
49
NAS
non-specific arousal system - vigor of response
50
what are BAS and BIS operating on?
basis of reciprocal inhibitoon
51
BAS and BIS can do what?
increase NAS - amount of energy increases
52
what is BAS sensitive to?
reward and active avoidance
53
what is BIS activated to?
by cues for punishment and non-reward - re-focus attention toward other cues
54
what does NAS modulate?
intensity of behaviors triggered by both systems
55
difference between active and passive avoidance?
passive avoid trouble by not doing that thing active is that actively avoid some neg experience
56
How is BAS activated?
input of signals of reward goes to decision mechanism to approach to motor system - BAS + NAS BAS - BIS
57
how does BIS work?
input signals of punishment BIS decision stop and inspect to motor BIS + NAS BIS - BAS
58
how does Gray's model explain criminal behavior?
criminals seen as imbalance - BAS predominates - too amped up - BIS fails to inhibit goal-oriented behavior in presence of certain cues
59
what does the model fit well with?
deficient passive avoidance learning high aggressiveness - goal oriented low anxiety impulsivity
60
what can TBI's do?
onset of illness mark emergence of highly antisocial aggressive behavior - more freq in those who showed tendencies at lower level before
61
Phineas Gage
- rod go through head and frontal lobe and eye - personality changes in memory, exec fxn, inhibition, disruptions, heavy drinker, unemployable, fighter
62
what do damages to the frontal lobe cause?
agitation irritability short temper failure to discontinue harmfulm maldaptove behavior pbsessions confusion compromised insight
63
what does damage to the frontal lobe show similarity to?
elderly with dementia
64
are outbreaks of aggression attributable to TBI?
not common 11% for the first time - unfocused aggression when it occurs - no real underlying reasoning or planning - acute phase of injury - not clearly related to severity of injury - secondary consequences to frustration - tolerance of exogenous substance lowered - more typical threats are uttered
65
what is the 80/20 rule?
80% of recovery happens within first year, 20% between year 1 and 2 - at end of 6M neuropsychologists can predict how much more recovery can occur
66
what is the most common site of injury?
frontal lobe
67
what are the 2 patterns that emerge?
lethargic, apathetic, indifferent - impulsive and aggressive
68
what is the coup-countercoup injury?
- brain can move back and forth in jelly case - damage in 2 opposite sides of brain - initial then other end gets hit
69
Howard D
- was Dr.Freedmans transorbital lobotomy patient to reduce ADHD and neg emotions towards his dad getting with another girl
70
what is the purpose of limbic sys?
deep mid-brain strucutres (amygdala and hipp) - emotional reg and memory consolidation - damage in that area is highly emotional - fear switches to anger - high level of aggression in previously peaceful patients - elaborate planning
71
temporal lobe epilepsy
fast spike-like activity in EEG over temporal lobe accompanied by increased risk for aggression - followed by confusion and limited recall
72
NT and T
all are essential and non connected to level of aggression - T in M + correlated with aggression - NE and ATCH elevated in BPD type 1

Psych 403 - Crim (12 decks)

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