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Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Genetic is the study of

A

inheritance

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2
Q

In a woman the sex chromosomes are XX, in the man they are

A

XY

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3
Q

Explain briefly what is meant by a gene?

A

section of DNA that carries the code for the production of a particular protein

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4
Q

Where in the nucleus would you find genes?

A

Chromosomes

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5
Q

What is the significance of the fact that the two allele pairs are located on different chromosome

A

they are Heterozygous

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6
Q

What is meant by non-coding DNA?

A

‘junk DNA’

Doesn’t form proteins

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7
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

structure found in the nucleus of a cell

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8
Q

What is meant by sex linked?

A

traits are controlled by the gene is on the X chromosome

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9
Q

What is meant by the term segregation as used in genetics?

A

Inherited characteristics are controlled by pair of factors these factors separate at gamete formation and only one factor is carried in each gamete

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10
Q

State the Law of independent assortment

A

at gamete formation either member of a pair of factors is equally likely to recombine with either member of another pair of factors

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11
Q

What is meant by DNA profiling?

A

unique pattern of DNA from one person that id compared with the DNA profile of another person

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12
Q

State 2 uses of DNA profiling?

A
  1. Crime

2. Medical

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13
Q

Explain what is meant by dominance

A

a gene which presents the recessive gene from working

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14
Q

Define Genotype

A

Genotype is the genetic make up of an organism

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15
Q

Define phenotype

A

Phenotype is physical make up of an organism

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16
Q

Define an allele

A

Different form of the same gene

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17
Q

Define Recessive

A

a gene that is prevented from working by a dominant gene

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18
Q

Define Homozygous

A

Both of the alleles are the same

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19
Q

A change in the genetic material of an organism is called

A

mutation

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20
Q

What is meant by genetic screening?

A

Testing a person’s DNA for the presence of abnormal or altered DNA

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21
Q

Define Nucleic acid

A

polynucleotide macromolecule

eg: DNA and RNA

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22
Q

What is non nucleic DNA

A

location: mitochondria
role: organelles reproduce without the nucleus

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23
Q

Define Heredity

A

The passing of features from parents to offspring by means of genes

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24
Q

Define species

A

group of similar organisms capable of inter-breeding to produce fertile offspring

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25
What is non-coding DNA?
DNA that doesn't code for a protein is also known as 'Junk DNA'
26
Define a codon?
three bases in sequence it assembles an amino acid during protein synthesis
27
What is Gene expression?
Way in which the genetic code in a gene is decoded and used to make a protein
28
What is a gene
collection of codons, it contains the genetic code to form a protein and controls particular characteristics
29
What is meant by genetic screening?
Test to establish the presence or absence of a gene or altered gene
30
Give a brief outline of genetic screening
1. Radioactive section of DNA is added to a DNA sample with a gene of the person being tested 2. DNA probe only attaches to a normal gene 3. If the DNA probe doesn't attach the gene is altered
31
Name the scientists that described the structure of DNA
Watson and Crick
32
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
33
What is the shape of the DNA
Double helix
34
What does nucleotide consist of
1) phosphate group 2) deoxyribose sugar 3) base
35
What are the four different bases that exist?
1) Adenine 2) Guanine 3) Thymine 4) Cytosine
36
Which bonds are between complementary base pairs?
Hydrogen bonds
37
How many Hydrogen bonds are present between 1. adenine and thymine 2. guanine and cytosine?
1. 2 hydrogen bonds | 2. 3 hydrogen bonds
38
How can DNA be stable
an enormous number of hydrogen bonds
39
What are bases adenine and guanine classified as
Purines
40
What are bases thymine and cytosine called
Pyrimidines
41
In DNA, nitrogenous bases occur in complementary pairs. Explain the term complementary as used here
Each base has a corresponding matching base
42
What is the function of DNA
1. Heredity material (passes genetic info from parents to offspring in the form of genes) 2. Human chromosomes are composed of DNA and Protein 3. Syllabus statement (each chromosome carries a series of genes in linear order along its length)
43
Briefly describe the nature of the genetic code
1. codon is 3 bases in a sequence 2. each codon codes for one amino acid 3. gene consists of a collection of codons who code for one protein 4. the codon sequence determines the amino acid sequence in a protein 5. mRNA copies the genetic code from DNA and brings it to the ribosome in the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs
44
Define DNA replication
DNA makes exact copies of itself
45
List 2 stages of DNA replication
1. Opening of the DNA double-helix | 2. The synthesis of complementary nucleic acid strands alongside the existing strands to form 2 identical helices
46
Give an account for DNA replication
1. occurs in interphase (part of cell division which involves making an exact copy of DNA) 2. Hydrogen bonds break down 3. Two strands separate 4. DNA acts as a strand to form a new complementary strand 5. DNA Nucleotides from the cytoplasm move to the nucleus and match up with their corresponding nucleotide on the exposed DNA strands 6. 2 exact copies of DNA are made called helices 7. Each new double-strand rewinds to form a double helix 8. Each DNA molecule is half new and half old and identical 9. This process requires energy from ATP and Anabolic enzyme DNA polymerase is a catalyst for assembly of DNA nucleotides
47
What does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic Acid
48
What are the similarities in DNA and RNA
1. Both have nucleic acids | 2. Both contain bases adenine, guanine and cytosine
49
How does DNA differ from RNA?
``` 1. DNA- double-strand sugar Base=thymine Location=nucleus 2. RNA- single strand ribose Base=Uracil Location=Nucleus and cytoplasm ```
50
Name the 3 types of RNA and give a brief account for each
1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - forms ribosomes - holds mRNA in place during protein synthesis 2. Messenger RNA (mRNA) - transcribes the genetic code from DNA - carries the code to the ribosome 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) - transfers amino acids to mRNA - tRNA attaches to its complementary mRNA placing its amino acid in the correct sequence within its own protein - each amino acid has its own tRNA - anticodon is complementary to mRNA codon
51
Each mRNA codon specifies one of three possible outcomes during protein synthesis. Name these three possible outcomes
1. Start codon 2. Codon which assembles an amino acid 3. Stop codon
52
How are 2 strands of DNA joined together?
Hydrogen Bonds
53
What us junk DNA
non-coding DNA
54
What was the first procedure that you followed when isolating DNA from plant tissue?
1. Chop onion into pieces
55
What was the reason for that procedure?
To disrupt the structure and allow cytoplasm to leak out
56
Washing up liquid is used in the isolation. Give a reason for its use
It breaks down membranes
57
Salt is also used in the isolation. explain why
to clump the DNA
58
What is a protease?
An enzyme that breaks down protein
59
Why is a protease necessary when isolating DNA
DNA combines with protein in a chromosome
60
The final stage of the isolation involves the use of frozen-cold ethanol 1. Describe how it used 2. For what purpose is it used?
1. Add slowly down the side of the test tube | 2. To bring DNA out of the solution
61
What plant did you use when isolating DNA
Onion
62
It is usual to chop the tissue and place it in a blender. Suggest a reason for this
Chopping- releases the cytoplasm | Blending- Breaks down the cell walls
63
For how long should the blender be allowed to run?
3 seconds
64
Washing up liquid is normally used in this experiment. What is its function
It breaks down the membrane
65
Salt is also used in this experiment to suggest why
to clump the DNA
66
The final separation of the DNA involves the use of alcohol. Under what condition is the alcohol used?
Ice-cold
67
Which base can link only to Thymine?
Adenine
68
Which base can link only to Cytosine?
Guanine

Biology (21 decks)

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