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Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

aerobic respiration is a two-stage process. Name the location where each stage occurs

A
  1. stage one- cytosol

2. stage two- mitochondria

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2
Q

Yeast cells produce ethanol in a process called fermentation is this process affected by temperature

A

yes, apparatus is placed in water bath at 25C which is the ideal temperature for yeast enzyme

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3
Q

Name a substance that yeast can use to make ethanol

A

Pyruvic acid

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4
Q

Name a substance produced during aerobic respiration that is not produced during fermentation

A

ethanol

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5
Q

Give an account of a chemical test to demonstrate that alcohol

A
  1. put a few drops of sodium dichromate into the test tube
  2. add some of the filtered product
  3. place the test tube in a beaker of hot water
  4. potassium dichromate turns from orange to green
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6
Q

Why does fermentation eventually cease?

A

when lactic acid builds up oxygen is depleted

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7
Q

Give one example of industrial fermentation, include the type of micro organism and the substance produced

A

bacteria and yeast used to produce products such as yogurt

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8
Q

Distinguish between anaerobic and aerobic respiration

A
  1. Anaerobic- release of energy without oxygen

2. Aerobic- release of energy using oxygen

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9
Q

Write a balanced equation to summarise aerobic respiration

A

C6H12O6+O2 —> 6CO2+6H2O

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10
Q

Suggest one reason why living things need to respire

A

for organisms to survive and reproduce

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11
Q

Define respiration

A

release of energy from food using enzymes

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12
Q

What is the first stage process of respiration called

A

Glycolysis

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13
Q

In the first stage of respiration there is a release of ATP as glucose is converted to another substance, name this substance

A

pyruvic acid

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14
Q

In respiration the acetyl group enters a cycle of reactions. What is the name given to this cycle?

A

Kreb’s cycle

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15
Q

To what is pyruvic acid converted under anaerobic conditions in

  1. Yeast
  2. Human muscle cell
A
  1. Alcohol

2. lactic acid

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16
Q

under aerobic conditions pyruvic acid is converted to an acetyl group and in the process a small molecule is released. name this small molecule

A

Carbon dioxide

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17
Q

If yeast cells are kept under anaerobic conditions alcohol and another substance are produced
What are anaerobic conditions?

A

no oxygen

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18
Q

Does the first stage of respiration require oxygen?

A

no its anaerobic

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19
Q

What name is given to the first stage of respiration?

A

glycolysis

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20
Q

Where in the cell does second stage take place

A

Mitochondria

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21
Q

Where in the cell does the first stage of respiration take place

A

cytosol

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22
Q

Comment on the amount of energy released in the second stage of respiration

A

it releases a lot of energy

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23
Q

Name a compound to which pyruvic acid may be converted in the absence of oxygen

A

lactic acid

24
Q

two ways in which the energy released by respiration is used in the human body

A
  1. Cell division

2. nerve impulses

25
Q

In stage 1 glucose is broken down. Where in the cell does this happen?

A

in the cytoplasm of the cell

26
Q

What is cytosol?

A

liquid in the cell that surrounds the cell organelles

27
Q

Does the first stage of respiration release a small or large amount of energy?

A

small amount of energy

28
Q

Where does the second stage of respiration take place

A

mitochondria

29
Q

Give 2 industrial uses of anaerobic respiration of yeast

A
  1. alcohol

2. yoghurt

30
Q

Suggest a role for NAD/NADP+ in cell activities

A

NAD- trap and transfer energised electrons and hydrogen ions in cell activities

31
Q

Pyruvate is broken down to CO2 and a two carbon compound. Name this two-carbon compound

A

Acetyl-CO-A

32
Q

Name the series of reactions in the second stage of respiration

A

Kreb’s cycle

33
Q

Respiration

A

release of energy using enzymes it can be aerobic or anaerobic

34
Q

Describe the experiment “To produce alcohol using yeast””

A

set up the test flask as follows: yeast+glucose
1. pour 300cm of glucose solution in a conical flask
2. boil the glucose solution for 5 minutes (removes O2 and creates anaerobic conditions)
3. Add yeast to the glucose
4. cover the solution with oil (prevents O2 from entering)
6. Use glass tubing to connect the flask to a beaker containing limewater (limewater is a reagent to test for carbon dioxide)
7. Place flask in water bat @ 30C (optimum temp for yeast fermentation)
8. Monitor the apparatus until fermentation has stopped (no more bubbles)
9. Prepare a control flask with just glucose
10. Results Test: Limewater turns milky (CO2 is present)
Yeast ferments glucose releasing CO2 gas
Control: Limewater remains clear
There is no yeast present to ferment the glucose

35
Q

Write a brief note on glycolysis

A
  1. First stage of respiration
  2. Anaerobic (no oxygen)
  3. Glucose is split to form pyruvate (3C)
  4. Low energy release
  5. Occurs is cytosol (liquid part of cytoplasm)
36
Q

Write a brief note on Acetyl Co-enzyme A

A
  1. Formed from Pyruvic acid (3C)
  2. Enters the Krebs cycle
  3. Takes place in mitochondria
  4. Aerobic (oxygen is present)
37
Q

Write a brief note on Electron transport system

A
  1. Aerobic
  2. Occurs in cristae of mitochondria
  3. Carries high energy electrons from NADH and Oxygen and it combines with protons (H+)
  4. Water is formed at the end of the chain
  5. High energy release
38
Q

Write a brief note on Krebs cycle

A
  1. Occurs in the second stage of respiration
  2. Occurs in lumen of the mitochondria
  3. Starts with acetyl-co-enzyme-A
  4. Products:CO2, protons, energised electrons
39
Q

Write a brief note on ADP

A
  1. Called adenosine di-phosphate
  2. Low energy molecule
  3. Accepts a phosphate and energy to form ATP
40
Q

Name a biological advantage and disadvantage of fermentation

A
  1. Advantage: source of energy for ATP formation in oxygen deficient environment
  2. Disadvantage: produces only 2 ATP molecules, low energy yield
41
Q

Name the advantages of using immobilised cells

A
  1. Cells can be recovered easily
  2. Cells can be re-used
  3. Gentle it doesn’t damage cells
42
Q

Describe the test you carried out to see the presence of alcohol

A
  1. Iodoform test
  2. Add potassium iodide solution and sodium hypochlorite solution
  3. Transfer to a water bath for 5 minutes
  4. Result: if alcohol is present yellow crystals will form
43
Q

Name 3 differences of Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

A
  1. Aerobic: - involves stage 1 and 2
    - uses oxygen and produces high energy
    - products: CO2 and H2O
  2. Anaerobic: - involves stage 1
    - Does not use O2 and produces low energy
    - Products: Ethanol and CO2 (Yeast) or Lactic acid (Human muscle cells)
44
Q

Suggest an advantage to the cell of using ATP as an energy source instead of breaking down a sugar molecule every time energy is needed

A
  • Energy is released easily
45
Q

Name the nitrogenous base and the sugar present in ATP

A
  • Nitrogenous base -> adenine

- Sugar -> Ribose

46
Q

Give a balanced equation to summarise the process of aerobic respiration

A
  • C6H12O6+6O2——-> 6CO2+6H20+energy
47
Q

What happens to Pyruvate before Krebs cycle

A

-It looses a carbon and changes into acetyl

48
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle

A
  • ATP
  • CO2
  • NADH
49
Q

Fate of products of the Krebs cycle

A

ATP–>Breaks down and releases energy
CO2–>Released into the atmosphere
NADH–> Moves to electron transport system, it breaks down and releases electrons

50
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

51
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide

52
Q

Name 2 types of particle that are transferred by NAD

A

Electrons and Protons

53
Q

Name 3 carbon molecule that is intermediate in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration

A

pyruvate

54
Q

What name is given to the biochemical pathway by which this intermediate compound is produced?

A

Glycolysis

55
Q

What is the fate of pyruvate

A
  1. It looses CO2 and is converted to Acetyl-Co-Enzyme-A
  2. Joins and enters Krebs cycle producing CO2, NADH,ATP
  3. NADH moves to electron transport system releasing 2 energised electrons which pass through electron acceptors, they loose their energy to form ATP
  4. At the end of electron transport system water is formed when low energy electrons combine with protons and oxygen
56
Q

What is produced when oxygen is not present

  1. In muscle?
  2. In Yeast
A
  1. Lactic acid

2. Alcohol

Biology (21 decks)

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