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Biology 11 > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Where is DNA stored?

A

In the nucleus.

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2
Q

T/F: DNA are the _______ of your body.

A

Blueprint

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3
Q

How many chromosomes do you have?

A

46

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4
Q

T/F: each chromosome are the same in size and structure.

A

False

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5
Q

How do genes appear as during kayotyping?

A

Appears as dark bands.

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6
Q

Name the four nitrogenic bases.

A

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, Thymine.

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7
Q

One nitrogenic bases gets replaced by another during the protein making process. Which one is it?

A

Thymine is replaced by Uracil.

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8
Q

DNA has a ____-______ backbone

A

sugar, phosphate

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9
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are considered purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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10
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are considered Pyrimidines?

A

Thymine, Cytosine

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11
Q

Adenine and Guanine are which type of nitrogenic base?

A

Purines

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12
Q

Thymine and Cytosine are considered which types of nitrogenic bases?

A

Pyrimidines

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13
Q

The DNA is connected together by what bonds?

A

Hydrogen Bonds

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14
Q

What progresses evolution?

A

Mutations

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15
Q

What do mutations progress?

A

Evolution

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16
Q

T/F: When DNA copies, one half of the old strand is always kept in the new strand?

A

True, it reduces error.

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17
Q

Are DNA palindromes?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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19
Q

T/F: RNA has Thymine instead of Uracil

A

False, RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine

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20
Q

What is a codon?

A

It is formed of three nitrogenic bases.

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21
Q

What do you call a group of three nitrogenic bases?

A

A codon

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22
Q

An amino acid is made of how many codons?

A

1

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23
Q

T/F: the process of DNA making RNA is called translation.

A

FALSE LIES DO NOT TRUST it’s called transcription

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24
Q

T/F: As the mRNA goes through the ribosome, the ribosomes attract tRNA nearby.

A

True

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25
Q

What is the start codon?

A

AUG

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26
Q

What are the three end codons?

A

UAG/UAA/UGA (gj if you remember this!)

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27
Q

Is natural selection random?

A

No

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28
Q

Is mutation random?

A

Yes

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29
Q

What is natural selection influenced by?

A

The environment

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30
Q

Is genetic drift random?

A

Yes

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31
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Genetic drift are random events that causes the death of random alleles. This is most likely a natural disaster. This alters the gene pool and allele frequencies, but it has nothing to do with the fitness of a species

32
Q

What is peptide synthesis?

A

Equivalent to Translation

33
Q

What does fitness mean?

A

The ability to: 1. Survive, 2. Reproduce

34
Q

T/F: Genetic drift causes an over/under representation of alleles.

A

True

35
Q

What event causes an over/under representation of alleles?

A

Genetic drift

36
Q

What are the two ways of genetic drift? Explain them.

A

Founders effect and bottleneck. Founders effect means that a part of a species is isolated from the original population. Due to this, there is over/under representation of certain alleles, or they can disappear completely. There is also bottlenecking. This wipes out certain parts of the population with no regard to health or fitness. This is usually a natural disaster.

37
Q

What are the four methods that alters the allele frequencies?

A

Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, and gene flow.

38
Q

what does Natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, and gene flow change?

A

It changes the frequencies of alleles.

39
Q

Plants that disperse its seeds over large distances is an example of what?

A

Gene flow

40
Q

T/F: Inter-species breeding is not considered as gene flow.

A

True

41
Q

T/F: Emigration is when an animal enters a population, immigration is the opposite.

A

False, Immigration means that an animal enters a population, emigration is when one leaves.

42
Q

Is sexual selection random?

A

No

43
Q

What are the two types of sexual selection?

A

Intersexual selection, Intrasexual selection

44
Q

What are the two types of speciation?

A

Allopatric and sympatric

45
Q

Allopatric and sympatric are two types of _______

A

speciation.

46
Q

Define allopatric speciation.

A

Allopatric speciation is when a species is divided by a physical barrier that would be preventing the species to mingle. As the environment between the two species differs from each other, they slowly separate.

47
Q

Define sympatric speciation.

A

Sympatric speciation indicates that a population gets divided due to non-physical factors.

48
Q

Name the four steps to allopatric speciation

A

Dispersal when the population arrives, vicariance when the population is separated geographically, the gene pool diverges, and then there is reproductive isolation.

49
Q

What is vicariance?

A

Vicariance means geological separation that divides two species.

50
Q

What is the term for a species that is divided due to a physical barrier (not allopatric speciation!)

A

Vicariance

51
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Species with no recent common ancestors, but they have evolved in similar ways.

52
Q

What are the two ways of evolution?

A

Divergent and convergent

53
Q

Describe divergent evolution

A

They share a common recent ancestor, but they have evolved in different ways.

54
Q

What is a niche?

A

Niche is the combination of an animal’s habitat and its role within such environment.

55
Q

Can two species exist under the same niche?

A

No they can not, they will be in competition until either one species go extinct or one species move away.

56
Q

What is the agent of new species?

A

Reproductive isolation.

57
Q

Explain reproductive isolation.

A

Reproductive isolation meant that the species can not interbreed.

58
Q

Explain intersexual selection.

A

The male must show traits that demonstrates that the male has good genes.

59
Q

T/F: the female inherits sexual preferances.

A

True

60
Q

Intersexual selection will stop evolving certain traits. Why?

A

When the cost is too high, certain traits would be targeted by predators.

61
Q

What would happen once intersexual selection happened for long enough?

A

Sexual dimorphism.

62
Q

What is sexual dipmorphism?

A

You can tell the difference between the two sexes of the same species.

63
Q

Explain intrasexual selection.

A

They are between members of the same sex, fighting each other for competition for the opposite sex.

64
Q

Explain Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.

A

The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium states that allele frequencies are predictable and would stay stable as long as there are no mutations, natural selection, gene flow, and genetic drift.

65
Q

What is evolution?

A

Change in a species over time.

66
Q

What is the term for change in a species over time?

A

Evolution

67
Q

What are the types of point mutations?

A

silent, nonsense (early end), missense (frameshift)

68
Q

What were the three theories of Lamarck?

A

Desire to change, aw of use and disuse, law of inheritance of acquire traits.

69
Q

The best individual will have the most _______

A

offspring

70
Q

Who will have the most offspring in a species?

A

The best-fitted individual.

71
Q

How do fossils work as a evidance for natural selection?

A

It shows us the change in a species over time.

72
Q

What are the two comparative anatomy structures?

A

Analogous, Homologous

73
Q

What is the difference between Analogous and homologous structures?

A

Analogous meant that they have similar structures but came from different ancestors, convergent evolution. Homologous meant that they have different structures but came from same ancestors, this is divergent evolution

74
Q

How does embryo show natural selection?

A

Similar embryo development in closely related species.

75
Q

What are the four comparative biology?

A

Comparative anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, parasitology

76
Q

Explain punctuated equilibrium and gradualism.

A

P. E. meant that the species did not change for a long time, but then suddenly there was massive changes and then a new species splits out from the original one. This usually results in mass extinctions of species and then rapid speciation as new species evolved to fill open niches. However, gradualism is species that changed slowly.

77
Q

What are the three different ways of natural selection?

A

Stabilizing, directional, disruptive.

Biology 11 (6 decks)

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