GENETICS

Question 1

Genetic material
Polymer of nucleotides
Each consists of Nitrogenous base, Sugar, Phosphate group

Answer 1

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 2

Reported that DNA composition varies from one species to another

Answer 2

Erwin Chargaff

Question 3

In any species, the number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are also equal

Answer 3

Chargaff’s rule

Question 4

Introduced the double-helical model structure based on Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography of the DNA molecule

Answer 4

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 5

What rule is
adenine (A) is paired only with _____, and guanine (G) only with _______

Answer 5

thymine (T)
cytosine (C)
chargaff’s rule

Question 6

2 strands of DNA are complementary
Each strand acts a template for building a new strand in replication
Parent molecule unwind 2 new daughter strands

Answer 6

Base Pairing

Question 7

predicts that when a double helix replicates, each daughter molecule will have one old strand and one newly made strand

Answer 7

Watson and Crick’s semiconservative model of replication

Question 8

begins at particular sites called origins of replication

Answer 8

DNA Replication

Question 9

where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication “bubble”. Replication proceeds in both directions from each origin, until the entire molecule is copied

Answer 9

origins of replication

Question 10

Y-shaped region at the end of each replication bubble where new DNA strands are elongating

Answer 10

Replication fork

Question 11

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication fork

Answer 11

Helicases

Question 12

Bind to and stabilize single- stranded DNA

Answer 12

Single-strand binding proteins

Question 13

corrects “overwinding” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA
strands

Answer 13

Topoisomerase

Question 14

Enzyme for the initiation of the RNA chain
Adds RNA nucleotides one at a time

Answer 14

Primase

Question 15

Catalyze the elongation of the new DNA at the replication fork

Answer 15

DNA polymerase

Question 16

The antiparallel structure of the double helix affects the replication.
DNA polymerases only add nucleotides to the free 3’ end of a growing strand
Newly formed strand can only elongate in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Answer 16

Antiparallel Elongation

Question 17

DNA strand synthesized by the DNA polymerase that moves toward the replication fork

Answer 17

Leading strand

Question 18

DNA polymerase working on a new DNA strand away from the replication fork

Answer 18

Lagging strand

Question 19

Segments formed from the lagging strand Later on joined by the DNA ligase

Answer 19

Okazaki fragments

Question 20

Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules

Answer 20

Limitations of DNA polymerase create problems for the linear DNA of eukaryotic chromosomes
The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5’ ends, so repeated rounds of replication produce shorter DNA molecules with uneven ends

Question 21

Special nucleotide sequences found at the eukaryotic chromosomal DNA ends
Do not prevent shortening of DN molecules
Postpone the erosion of genes near the DNA molecules

Answer 21

Telomeres

Question 22

It has been proposed that the shortening of telomeres is connected to

Answer 22

aging

Question 23

Principles that Account for Passing of Traits from Parents to Offspring

Answer 23

“Blended” Hypothesis
“Particulate” Hypothesis

Question 24

Genetic material from 2 parents blend together

Answer 24

“Blended” Hypothesis

Question 25

Parents pass discrete heritable units (genes)

Answer 25

"Particulate" Hypothesis

Question 26

Heritable feature that varies among individuals, ex flower color

Answer 26

Character

Question 27

Each variant for a character ex Purple or white color of flower

Answer 27

Trait

Question 28

Plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self- pollinate ("P generation")

Answer 28

True-breeding

Question 29

Mating of 2 contrasting, true- breeding varieties

Answer 29

Hybridization

Question 30

Hybrid offspring of the P generation

Answer 30

F1 generation

Question 31

When F, individuals self-pollinate or cross-pollinate with other F1 hybrids, what are their offsprings called

Answer 31

F2 generation

Question 32

When Mendel crossed contrasting, true-breeding white- and purple- flowered pea plants, all of the F1 hybrids were purple When Mendel crossed the F1 hybrids, many of the F2 plants had purple flowers, but some had white Ratio of about three to one, purple to white flowers, in the F2 generation Purple flower color= dominant trait White flower color= recessive trait The factor for white flowers was not diluted or destroyed because it reappeared in the F2 generation

Answer 32

Law of Segregation

Question 33

What Mendel called a "heritable factor" is what we now call a

Answer 33

gene

Question 34

Alternative versions of a gene that accounts for variations in inherited characters

Answer 34

Allele

Question 35

Determines the organism's appearance

Answer 35

Dominant allele

Question 36

No noticeable effect on appearance

Answer 36

Recessive allele

Question 37

Can show the possible combinations of the sperm and egg

Answer 37

Punnett Square

Question 38

represented by uppercase letter

Answer 38

Dominant allele

Question 39

represented by lowercase letter

Answer 39

Recessive allele

Question 40

Organisms with 2 identical alleles for a character

Answer 40

Homozygous

Question 41

Organisms with 2 different alleles for the gene controlling the character Not true-breeding

Answer 41

Heterozygous

Question 42

used to determine gene type

Answer 42

test cross

Question 43

physical appearance

Answer 43

Phenotype

Question 44

genetic makeup

Answer 44

Genotype

Question 45

A cross between such heterozygotes

Answer 45

Monohybrid cross

Question 46

A cross between F, dihybrids Can determine whether two characters are transmitted to offspring as a package or independently

Answer 46

Dihybrid cross

Question 47

Developed from using the dihybrid cross States that each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation Applied only to genes on different, nonhomologous chromosomes or those far apart on the same chromosome Genes located near each other on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together

Answer 47

Law of Independent Assortment

Question 48

Laws of Dominance (3)

Answer 48

Complete dominance, Incomplete dominance, Codominance

Question 49

Occurs when phenotypes of the heterozygote and dominant homozygote are identical

Answer 49

Complete dominance

Question 50

Phenotype of F1 hybrids is somewhere between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties

Answer 50

Incomplete dominance

Question 51

dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate, distinguishable ways

Answer 51

Codominance

Question 52

are simply variations in a gene's nucleotide sequence

Answer 52

Alleles

Question 53

_____ of alleles depend on the level at which we examine the phenotype

Answer 53

dominance/ recessiveness

Question 54

Most genes exist in populations in more than two allelic forms

Answer 54

Multiple Alleles

Question 55

Most genes have multiple phenotypic effects, a property called

Answer 55

Pleiotropy

Question 56

ex of Pleiotropy

Answer 56

Sickle-Cell Disease

Question 57

A gene at one locus alters the phenotypic expression of a gene at the second locus

Answer 57

Epistasis

Question 58

ex of Epistasis

Answer 58

coat color of animals Depends on 2 genes

Question 59

An additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotype

Answer 59

Polygenic Inheritance

Question 60

Polygenic Inheritance ex

Answer 60

human skin

Question 61

includes its physical appearance, internal anatomy, physiology, and behavior reflects its overall genotype and unique environmental history

Answer 61

phenotype

Question 62

A family tree that describes the inter-relationships of parents and children across generations Inheritance patterns of particular traits can be traced and described using this can also be used to make predictions about future offspring

Answer 62

Pedigree

Question 63

usually inherited in a recessive manner Range from relatively mild to life- threatening Show up only in individuals homozygous for the allele

Answer 63

genetic disorders

Question 64

Recessive condition characterized by a lack of pigmentation in skin and hair

Answer 64

Albinism

Question 65

disorders caused by dominant alleles, Cause lethal disease but rare and Arise by mutation

Answer 65

Dominantly Inherited Disorders

Question 66

A form of dwarfism caused by rare dominant allele

Answer 66

Achondroplasia

Question 67

Many diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, alcoholism, mental illnesses, and cancer have both genetic and environmental components No matter what our genotype, our lifestyle has a tremendous effect on phenotype

Answer 67

Multifactorial Disorders

Question 68

Fetal Testing types

Answer 68

Amniocentesis, Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Question 69

Liquid that bathes the fetus is removed and tested (days)

Answer 69

Amniocentesis

Question 70

A sample of the placenta is removed and tested (months)

Answer 70

Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)

Question 71

Explains the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to make a functional product

Answer 71

Central Dogma

Question 72

genetic information from DNA to RNA to make a functional product called

Answer 72

protein

Question 73

exaplain process of Central Dogma

Answer 73

Replication DNA → RNA → Protein Transcription Translation