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ZOOLONE > MITOSIS MEIOSIS > Flashcards

MITOSIS MEIOSIS Flashcards

1
Q

Increase cell growth
Increase in number of cytoplasmic structure
Mitochondria number and cytoskeletal structure Doubling in number of centrosomes
Preparation for mitosis
Some cells carry the destined cell

A

G1

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2
Q

DNA synthesis in interphase

A

S phase

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3
Q

biochemical preparation of the onset of mitsosis

A

G2

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4
Q

normal stage, will not enter mitosis, nerve cells, muscle cells

A

G0

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5
Q

Structure made of microtubules that controls the chromosome movement during mitosis

A

Mitotic spindle

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6
Q

Radical array of short microtubules, Extend from each centrosome

A

Aster

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7
Q

centrosomes + spindle microtubules + asters = ?

A

Spindle

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8
Q

Protein complexes associated with centromeres

A

Kinetochores

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9
Q

Cell division of prokaryotes

A

Binary Fission

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10
Q

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

A

Heredity

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11
Q

Exhibited by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

A

Variation

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12
Q

Single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without fusion of gametes

A

Asexual reproduction

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13
Q

2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the parents

A

Sexual reproduction

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14
Q

Human somatic cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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15
Q

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

A

Karyotype

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16
Q

2 chromosomes in a pair. These chromosomes are of the same length and shape. Carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

A

homologous chromosomes

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17
Q

Determines the gender of the individual, X or Y

A

Sex chromosomes

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18
Q

XX

A

Human females Sex chromosomes

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19
Q

XY

A

Human males Sex chromosomes

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20
Q

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

A

Autosomes

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21
Q

2 sets of chromosomes
2n
Humans: 2n=46

A

Diploid cell

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22
Q

Gametes contain single set of chromosomes
n
Humans: n=23

A

Haploid cell

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23
Q

Union of gametes

A

Fertilization

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24
Q

Fertilized egg
Produces somatic cells by mitosis
Develops into an adult

A

Zygote

25
Q

when does the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes

A

sexual maturity

26
Q

Gametes are only
produced through

A

meiosis

27
Q

results in one set of chromosomes in
each gametes
Reduces the number of chromosome set from diploid to haploid Preceded by the replication of chromosomes
Takes place in 2 consecutive cell divisions

A

Meiosis

28
Q

Results in 4 daughter cells, instead of 2 daughter cells like in mitosis

A

Meiosis I
Meiosis II

29
Q

Each daughter cell has only _____ as many chromosomes as the parent cell

A

half

30
Q

Each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs

A

Prophase I

31
Q

X-shaped regions
Site of crossover
in prophase I

A

Chiasmata

32
Q

Pair of homologs line up at the metaphase plate and each chromosomes face opposite poles
Microtubules from 1 pole are attached to the kinetochore of 1 chromosomes of each tetrad

A

Metaphase I

33
Q

Pair of homologous chromosomes separate
One chromosome of each pair moves towards the opposite poles,
guided by the spindle apparatus Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole

A

Anaphase I

34
Q

Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes
Each chromosomes still made up of two sister chromatids
_____ occurs simultaneously
Forms 2 haploid daughter cells

A

Telophase I and cytokinesis

35
Q

Formation of spindle apparatus, chromosomes move toward the metaphase plate. no crossover, no pairing

A

Prophase II

36
Q

Sister chromatids are arranged in the metaphase plate
Due to the crossing over in meiosis I, the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical
Kinetochores of the sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles

A

Metaphase II

37
Q

Sister chromatids separate
Move toward the opposite poles as 2 newly individual chromosomes

A

Anaphase II

38
Q

Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles
Formation of nuclei
Chromosomes begin decondensing

A

Telophase II

39
Q

Each homologous pair undergoes synapsis and crossing over between nonsister chromatids with the subsequent appearance of chiasmata.

A

Prophase I

40
Q

Chromosomes line up as homologous pairs on the metaphase plate.

A

Metaphase I

41
Q

Homologs separate from each other; sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere

A

Anaphase I

42
Q

Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation

A

Genetic Variation

43
Q

3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

A

Independent assortment of chromosome Crossing over
Random fertilization

44
Q

Homologous chromosomes orient randomly at Metaphase I
each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

A

Independent Assortment of Chromosome

45
Q

produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine DNA inherited from each parent
contributes to genetic variation by combining DNA from two parents into a single chromosome
In humans, it occurs an average of one to three per chromosome

A

Crossing over

46
Q

adds to genetic variation because any sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg)
The fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations

A

Random Fertilization

47
Q

Directs the sequential events of the cell cycle Regulated both by internal and external controls
Has specific checkpoints
Cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

A

Cell Cycle Control System

48
Q

2 regulatory proteins

A

Cyclin
Cyclin-dependent kinase

49
Q

Activity of Cdk rises and falls with changes in concentration of its cyclin partner

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase

50
Q

Cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2
checkpoint into the M phase

A

Maturation-promoting factor

51
Q

most important checkpoint

A

G1 checkpoint

52
Q

Released by certain cells
Stimulate other cells to divide

A

Growth factors

53
Q

Crowded cells will stop dividing

A

Density-dependent inhibition

54
Q

Do not respond to body’s control mechanisms Do not need growth factors to grow and divide
They make their own growth factor
They may convey a growth factor’s signal without the presence of the growth factor
They may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

A

Cancer Cells

55
Q

Process where normal cell is converted into cancerous cell

A

Transformation

56
Q

Cancer cells that are not eliminated by the immune system
Masses of abnormal cells within normal tissue

A

Tumors

57
Q

Abnormal cells remain only at the original site

A

Benign tumor

58
Q

Invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize
Export cancer cells to other parts of the body

A

Malignant tumor

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