MITOSIS MEIOSIS

Question 1

Increase cell growth
Increase in number of cytoplasmic structure
Mitochondria number and cytoskeletal structure Doubling in number of centrosomes
Preparation for mitosis
Some cells carry the destined cell

Answer 1

G1

Question 2

DNA synthesis in interphase

Answer 2

S phase

Question 3

biochemical preparation of the onset of mitsosis

Answer 3

G2

Question 4

normal stage, will not enter mitosis, nerve cells, muscle cells

Answer 4

G0

Question 5

Structure made of microtubules that controls the chromosome movement during mitosis

Answer 5

Mitotic spindle

Question 6

Radical array of short microtubules, Extend from each centrosome

Answer 6

Aster

Question 7

centrosomes + spindle microtubules + asters = ?

Answer 7

Spindle

Question 8

Protein complexes associated with centromeres

Answer 8

Kinetochores

Question 9

Cell division of prokaryotes

Answer 9

Binary Fission

Question 10

Transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Answer 10

Heredity

Question 11

Exhibited by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

Answer 11

Variation

Question 12

Single individual passes all of its genes to its offspring without fusion of gametes

Answer 12

Asexual reproduction

Question 13

2 parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the parents

Answer 13

Sexual reproduction

Question 14

Human somatic cells have ___ pairs of chromosomes

Answer 14

23

Question 15

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

Answer 15

Karyotype

Question 16

2 chromosomes in a pair. These chromosomes are of the same length and shape. Carry genes controlling the same inherited characters

Answer 16

homologous chromosomes

Question 17

Determines the gender of the individual, X or Y

Answer 17

Sex chromosomes

Question 18

XX

Answer 18

Human females Sex chromosomes

Question 19

XY

Answer 19

Human males Sex chromosomes

Question 20

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 20

Autosomes

Question 21

2 sets of chromosomes
2n
Humans: 2n=46

Answer 21

Diploid cell

Question 22

Gametes contain single set of chromosomes
n
Humans: n=23

Answer 22

Haploid cell

Question 23

Union of gametes

Answer 23

Fertilization

Question 24

Fertilized egg
Produces somatic cells by mitosis
Develops into an adult

Answer 24

Zygote

Question 25

when does the ovaries and testes produce haploid gametes

Answer 25

sexual maturity

Question 26

Gametes are only produced through

Answer 26

meiosis

Question 27

results in one set of chromosomes in each gametes Reduces the number of chromosome set from diploid to haploid Preceded by the replication of chromosomes Takes place in 2 consecutive cell divisions

Answer 27

Meiosis

Question 28

Results in 4 daughter cells, instead of 2 daughter cells like in mitosis

Answer 28

Meiosis I Meiosis II

Question 29

Each daughter cell has only _____ as many chromosomes as the parent cell

Answer 29

half

Question 30

Each chromosome pairs with its homolog and crossing over occurs

Answer 30

Prophase I

Question 31

X-shaped regions Site of crossover in prophase I

Answer 31

Chiasmata

Question 32

Pair of homologs line up at the metaphase plate and each chromosomes face opposite poles Microtubules from 1 pole are attached to the kinetochore of 1 chromosomes of each tetrad

Answer 32

Metaphase I

Question 33

Pair of homologous chromosomes separate One chromosome of each pair moves towards the opposite poles, guided by the spindle apparatus Sister chromatids remain attached at the centromere and move as one unit toward the pole

Answer 33

Anaphase I

Question 34

Each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes Each chromosomes still made up of two sister chromatids _____ occurs simultaneously Forms 2 haploid daughter cells

Answer 34

Telophase I and cytokinesis

Question 35

Formation of spindle apparatus, chromosomes move toward the metaphase plate. no crossover, no pairing

Answer 35

Prophase II

Question 36

Sister chromatids are arranged in the metaphase plate Due to the crossing over in meiosis I, the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical Kinetochores of the sister chromatids attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles

Answer 36

Metaphase II

Question 37

Sister chromatids separate Move toward the opposite poles as 2 newly individual chromosomes

Answer 37

Anaphase II

Question 38

Chromosomes arrive at the opposite poles Formation of nuclei Chromosomes begin decondensing

Answer 38

Telophase II

Question 39

Each homologous pair undergoes synapsis and crossing over between nonsister chromatids with the subsequent appearance of chiasmata.

Answer 39

Prophase I

Question 40

Chromosomes line up as homologous pairs on the metaphase plate.

Answer 40

Metaphase I

Question 41

Homologs separate from each other; sister chromatids remain joined at the centromere

Answer 41

Anaphase I

Question 42

Behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization is responsible for most of the variation that arises in each generation

Answer 42

Genetic Variation

Question 43

3 mechanisms contribute to genetic variation

Answer 43

Independent assortment of chromosome Crossing over Random fertilization

Question 44

Homologous chromosomes orient randomly at Metaphase I each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs

Answer 44

Independent Assortment of Chromosome

Question 45

produces recombinant chromosomes, which combine DNA inherited from each parent contributes to genetic variation by combining DNA from two parents into a single chromosome In humans, it occurs an average of one to three per chromosome

Answer 45

Crossing over

Question 46

adds to genetic variation because any sperm can fuse with any ovum (unfertilized egg) The fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations

Answer 46

Random Fertilization

Question 47

Directs the sequential events of the cell cycle Regulated both by internal and external controls Has specific checkpoints Cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

Answer 47

Cell Cycle Control System

Question 48

2 regulatory proteins

Answer 48

Cyclin Cyclin-dependent kinase

Question 49

Activity of Cdk rises and falls with changes in concentration of its cyclin partner

Answer 49

Cyclin-dependent kinase

Question 50

Cyclin-Cdk complex that triggers a cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

Answer 50

Maturation-promoting factor

Question 51

most important checkpoint

Answer 51

G1 checkpoint

Question 52

Released by certain cells Stimulate other cells to divide

Answer 52

Growth factors

Question 53

Crowded cells will stop dividing

Answer 53

Density-dependent inhibition

Question 54

Do not respond to body's control mechanisms Do not need growth factors to grow and divide They make their own growth factor They may convey a growth factor's signal without the presence of the growth factor They may have an abnormal cell cycle control system

Answer 54

Cancer Cells

Question 55

Process where normal cell is converted into cancerous cell

Answer 55

Transformation

Question 56

Cancer cells that are not eliminated by the immune system Masses of abnormal cells within normal tissue

Answer 56

Tumors

Question 57

Abnormal cells remain only at the original site

Answer 57

Benign tumor

Question 58

Invade surrounding tissues and can metastasize Export cancer cells to other parts of the body

Answer 58

Malignant tumor