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Chem 1B > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is a character?

A

a heritable feature that varies among individuals

ex. flower color

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2
Q

what is a trait

A

each variant for a character such as purple or white colors

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3
Q

What is a genetic cross

A

the mating of haploid gametes

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4
Q

what is the P generation

A

The parents used in a cross are part of the parental generation they are both true-breeding

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5
Q

What is the F1 generation

A

the offspring of the P generation. They are a product of hybridization

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6
Q

What is the F2 generation?

A

Offspring of the F1 generation

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7
Q

What is true-breeding

A

plants that produce offspring of the same variety when they self-pollinate

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8
Q

What is hybridization

A

The mating of two contrasting, true-breeding varieties

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9
Q

What is the genotype

A

genetic makeup

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10
Q

what is the phenotype

A

the physical expression of the genotype

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11
Q

whats the relationship of phenotype and genotype

A

an organisms phenotype may not always reveal its genetic composition because of dominant and recessive alleles

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12
Q

If two alleles at a locus differ, which one determines the appearance and which has no effect?

A

the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance

the recessive allele has no effect on appearance

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13
Q

what does the law of segregation state?

A

the two alleles for a heritable character (on homo chromos) separate during meiosis and end up in different gametes

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14
Q

What is a homozygote

A

an organism with two identical alleles for a character

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15
Q

What is a heterozygote

A

an organism that has two different alleles for a gene

the dominant allele in this controls the phenotype

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16
Q

are dominant alleles always the most common

A

no

17
Q

What is a monohybrid

A

individuals that are heterozygous for one character (Aa)

18
Q

what is a monohybrid cross

A

the cross between heterozygotes

Aa x Aa

19
Q

What is cystic fibrosis

A

a recessive human genetic disease (heterozygotes do not show the disease and are carriers)

20
Q

What is a test cross

A

it is used to distinguish between homozygous dominant and heterozygote genotypes

if any offspring display the recessive phenotype, the mystery parent must be heterozygous

21
Q

What is a dihybrid and how is it produced

A

the crossing of two two-breeding parents differing in two characters produces dihybrids in the F1 generation

dihybrids are heterozygous for both characters

22
Q

What are dihybrid crosses

A

crosses that involve two traits

23
Q

what does the law of independent assortment apply to

A

genes on different chromosomes

24
Q

what is true about the inheritance of genes located near eachother on the same chromosome

A

they are inherited together

25
Q

what are the extensions to mendelian genetics

A

incomplete dominance/co-dominance

multiple alleles

pleiotropy

26
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when alleles are not completely dominant or recessive

the phenotype is an intermediate between the two parents

27
Q

multiple alleles

A

when a gene has more than two alleles (ex. blood type)

28
Q

pleiotropy

A

when a gene produces multiple phenotypes

29
Q

what is codominance

A

two dominant alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways

both alleles are dominant and both phenotypes are expressed

30
Q

most genes exist in populations

A

with more than two allelic forms

31
Q

what are Y-linked genes

A

involved in male determination and development

32
Q

Which chromosome are sex linked human disorders carried on?

A

X chromosome

33
Q

What are human sex-linked disorders due to and who does it affect?

A

they are often due to recessive alleles and they mostly affect males since they only have 1x chromosome

34
Q

What are carriers

A

carriers express the normal trait phenotypically but are heterozygous for the recessive allele

35
Q

who is a carrier of X-linked recessive traits?

A

Only females because they have two X chromosomes and can be heterozygous for the allele

36
Q

what is polygenic

A

a trait affected by multiple genes

37
Q

what does it mean to be multifactorial

A

it means that a phenotypic character is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors

38
Q

what is epistasis

A

the phenotypic expression of a gene at one locus alters the gene at a second locus

Chem 1B (7 decks)

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