Transition Metals Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
What is the electron configuration exception for transition metals?
A
Chromium and Copper
Chromium = [Ar] 4s^1 3d^5
Copper= [Ar]4s^1 3d^10
Chromium prefers half-filled orbitals since it is more stable
2
Q
How do you figure out the electron configuration for a cation transition metal
A
you remove electrons from the s orbital first
3
Q
What are the main molecular geometries for coordination complexes
A
linear geometry, square planar, octahedral, tetrahedral
4
Q
What is a linear geometry
A
two ligands are attached
5
Q
what is a octahedral
A
6 ligands attached
6
Q
what is a square planar
A
4 ligands attached in a plane
7
Q
what is tetrahedra;l
A
4 ligands in a pyramid shape
8
Q
what is the charge on the outside of the transition metal complex
A
the overall charge that the counterion neutralizes
9
Q
what do ligands do?
A
They act as Lewis bases that donate electrons
10
Q
A
11
Q
what is a chelating ligand/ polydentate
A
it is a ligand that forms multiple bonds
12
Q
what type of ligand is ethylenediamine (en)
A
it forms two bonds (bidentate) and donates 2 lone pairs
13
Q
What type of ligand is an oxalate ion (ox) (C2O4^2-)
A
It is a bidentate, it forms two bonds
14
Q
What type of ligand is a ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA)
A
it is polydentate and donates 6 lone pairs
15
Q
What is the coordination #?
A
It is the # of atoms attached to the metal NOT the # of ligands
16
Q
What is the name of H20
A
Aqua
17
Q
What is the name of NH3
A
Ammine
18
Q
What is the name of CO (carbon monoxide)
A
Carbonyl
19
Q
What is the name of ethylenediamine (en)
A
Ethylenediamine
20
Q
What is the naming rule for anion ligands?
A
You add and “-o”
21
Q
What is the name for Bromide, Br-
A
Bromo
22
Q
What is the name for Chloride, Cl-
A
Chloro
23
Q
What is the name for Hydroxide, (OH)-
A
Hydroxo
24
Q
What is the name for Cyanide (CN-)
A
Cyano
25
What is the name for Nitrite, NO2-
Nitro
26
What is the name for Oxalate? C2O4^2-
Oxalato
27
What is the name for EDTA
Ethylenediaminetetraaceto
28
What is the name for Chromium when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Chromate
29
What is the name for Cobalt when
it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Cobaltate
30
What is the name for Copper when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Cuprate
31
What is the name for Gold when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Aurate
32
What is the name for Iron when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Ferrate
33
What is the name for Lead when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Plumbate
34
What is the name for Manganese when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Manganate
35
What is the name for Molybdenum when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Molybdate
36
What is the name for Nickel when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Nickelate
37
What is the name for Platinum when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Platinate
38
What is the name for Silver when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Argentate
39
What is the name for Tin when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Stannate
40
What is the name for Zinc when it is an anion in a transition metal complex?
Zincate
41
whats the highest oxidation state of manganese?
+7
42
what are the prefixes for when there is already a prefix within a ligand?
bis, tris, tetrakis
43
what are isomers?
they are compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
44
What is a structural isomer?
the atoms (and # of them) are the same but they have different connectivities
45
what are the two types of structural isomers?
Coordination isomers and linkage isomers
46
What is a coordination isomer?
it occurs when it is possible to exchange ligands and counterions or a solvent molecule such as H2O
47
What type of isomer is [Co(NH3)5 Br]Cl and [Co(NH3)5 Cl]Br
This is a coordination isomer, the Br- and Cl- are exchanged
48
What type of isomer is [Cr(H2O)4 Cl2]Cl * 2H2O and
[Cr(H2O)6 ]Cl 3
A coordination isomer, the Chloride and Water molecules exchange places
49
What are linkage isomers
They form when a ligand that is attached to a metal can attach with different atoms
50
What type of isomer is NO2
a linkage isomer, the oxygen or nitrogen can donate an electron pair
51
What are the names of the two isomer forms of NO2
Nitro when the nitrogen attaches (NO2)
Nitrito when the Oxygen attaches (ONO)
52
What type of isomer is Cyanide? (CN-)
it is a linkage isomer, either carbon or nitrogen can donate the electron pair
53
What are the names of the two isomer forms of Cyanide
Cyano when Carbon attaches
Isocyano when the nitrogen attaches
54
What type of isomer is thiocyanide? (SCN-)
Thiocyanato when the nitrogen bonds
isothiocyanato when the sulfur bonds
55
What are stereoisomers?
they are isomers with the same connectivities but different spatial arrangements
56
What are the types of stereoisomers
Geometric and optical
57
what are geometric stereoisomers?
cis/trans and fac/mer
58
When do ligands have cis/trans isomers?
when two identical ligands are present
59
what defines a cis isomer?
If the two identical ligands are next to one another (adjacent)
60
what defines a trans isomer?
when they are opposites/ across from one another
61
When do ligands have fac/mer isomers?
when there are 3 identical ligands
62
when are ligands considered fac?
when they form a 90° angle (adjacent) triangle
63
When are ligands considered Mer?
When they form a 180° arc
64
what types of complexes cannot form geometric isomers and why?
tetrahedral complexes cannot form geometric isomers because all the angles are fixes at 109°
65
what are optical isomers and where are they seen most commonly?
opitcal isoers are stereoisomers that are mirror images of eachother and are nonsuperimposable
66
what does it mean to be non-superimposable
they cannot be stacked identically
67
What is the rule for optical isomers and tetrahedral molecules?
optical isomers will exist if the molecule has 4 different atoms or groups of atoms attached
68
What is the rule for octahedral geometries and optical isomers?
Transition metal complexes that are octahedral and have 3 bidentate ligands (can form 2 bonds) are optical isomers
69
What is Crystal Field Theory?
it considers the electrostatic bonding of a complex
70
What affects the electron configuration in Crystal Field Theory?
the charge attraction between the transition metal and the ligand
The repulsion of the electrons
71
How does the electrostatic repulsion affect the energies of d-orbitals?
the d orbitals are no longer energy equivalent
72
What are the different d orbitals?
dxy, dyz, dxz, dz^2, dx^2-y^2
they are not energy equivalent
73
which d orbitals are higher energy and why?
The dx^2-y^2 and dz^2 have higher energies because the orbitals lie directly on the axis
The dxy, dyz,dxz have lower energer because they are lying between the axis
74
What is a high spin configuration?
∆O is small, it is more energetically favorable to put an electron in the higher energy orbitals (dx^2-dy^2) and dz^2
ligands are weak
75
What is low spin configuration
∆O is large, it is more energetically favorable to overcome the e- repulsion than the ∆O
the lower dxy, dxz, and dyz orbitals are filled
ligands are strong field electrons
76
What does CNOX stand for
Carbon donors>Nitrogen donor ligands are strong ligands
Oxygen donors > Halide ligands are weak ligands
77
What are the strong ligands?
CO, CN- > NO2^- > NH3, en
78
What are the weak ligands
H2O > OH-, ONO-> C2O4^2- > Halides
79
what happens when a transition metal complex is exposed to white light
the electron gets excited and moves up a d orbital and falls back down
80
What are the colors on the color wheel?
ROYGBV
red (750-650), orange (650-580), yellow(580-490), green(490-460), blue(460-430), violet (430-400)
81
what does it mean when a complex has a longer wavelength?
it has a weak ligand and has a lower energy gap
82
what does it mean when a complex has a shorter wavelength
it has a strong ligand and a higher energy gap
83
What color do we see and what is absorbed?
The wavelength is the measure of absorbed light and we see the complementary color (opposite on the wheel) reflected back at us
84
If you have more strong ligands compared to weak ligands in a complex, what spin does it have?
it will have a low spin
