Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

(50 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a phenotype

A

Expressed genes which can be seen like hair or eye colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an allele

A

A form of a gene (e.g different blood types A,B,O,AB)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a gamete

A

A reproductive cell of a plant or animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is homozygous/homologous

A

Same pair of genes (e.g RR or rr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a heterozygous/heterozygote

A

One of each cell (e.g Rr or rR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a recessive gene

A

A gene only expressed when both genes are homozygous “lowercase” (e.g rr)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a genotype

A

Inherited genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is co-dominance (in genes)

A

When both genes for the characteristic or trait are expressed in a mixture (e.g a red flower and white flower create a pink flower)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a dominant gene?

A

A gene that’s expressed if you have one or more dominant/“uppercase” genes (e.g Bb creates blue eyes ) these can be heterozygous or homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is huntingtons chorea?

A

A dominant genetic disease which ruins nerve coordination which is fatal but only comes into effect in late 40s and there is no cure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is haemophilia?

A

A recessive genetic disease. It affects blood and means you cannot clot your blood so you will bleed to death if you cut yourself and it’s sex/gender related (women can be carriers but men either get it or they don’t )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Advantages of genetic screening?

A

-Provides parents with choice of whether to have a child or risk a genetic disease?
-Allows parents to prepare financially and emotionally
-Reduces number of people with genetic diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Disadvantages of genetic screening?

A

-Encourages abortion which goes against many religions
-Genetic screening can be expensive
-Screening puts embryo at risk at there is a small chance of miscarriage
-May harm the mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a carrier (genetic disease)

A

Someone who has half the gene disease (recessive) but is not unwell (they need to be homozygous to be ill)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is PGD?

A

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (which is a genetic screening done before the embryo begins growing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is CVS?

A

Amniocentesis (which is a genetic screening done 10-14 weeks into pregnancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is genetic engineering?

A

The deliberate modification of an organisms genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a plasmid?

A

A small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What enzyme is used to cut a plasmid

A

R.E (restriction endonuclease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that converts RNA into DNA

A

Reverse Transcriptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Once a plasmid is cut with RE what two things are inserted?

Study These Flashcards
A

-New DNA code for whatever the purpose of the bacteria is (e.g insulin)
-marker gene

22
Q

How is the DNA and genetic marker inserted into the plasmid?

Study These Flashcards
A

Using Ligase enzyme (sticking enzyme)

23
Q

What is the purpose of the marker in the plasmid

Study These Flashcards
A

To check if the bacteria was effective (e.g a fluorescent gene is used and if the bacteria glows then it has worked)

24
Q

What is the term given to an organism that has been taken apart then remade (with or without modifications)

Study These Flashcards
A

Recombinant Organism

25
How do bio reactors work?
-bacteria is inserted into a clean stainless steel container with a broth (sterile) inside -the bacteria feeds off the broth and multiplies -Once it multiplies past a point it is emptied to half the volume -The broth is refilled and this keeps looping to end up with millions of copies of the bacteria
26
What is restriction enzyme
Used to cut a section of DNA from a longer strand
27
What is a lipozyme
Used to break open a bacterial cell so plasmid can be removed
28
What enzyme is used to “cut” a plasmid
R.E (Restriction Endonuclease)
29
Once the plasmid is cut what is inserted?
New DNA coding for human insulin (or whatever is being produced) which is made from pancreas RNA and R.T
30
What enzyme is used to Revert RNA to DNA
R.T enzyme
31
What enzyme is used to “stick” the plasmid back together?
Ligase enzyme
32
What else is inserted into a plasmid that has been cut up besides DNA coding
A marker
33
Why is the marker put into the plasmid?
To have a visual check if it has worked
34
What is an example of a marker?
Glow in the dark gene
35
Where is the insulin cell (with now augmented plasmid) placed to grow?
Agar plate where it is checked for the marker, whether it’s via antibiotic resistance or see if its fluorescent
36
How does a bioreactor work?
-The bacteria is insterted into a large broth (sterile) which is kept a constant temperature. -In the broth it will divide -once it doubles it is emptied till half before being refilled with more sterile broth -This process is repeated ending up with millions of replicated cells where the insulin (or whatever is being made) is then extracted
37
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis -Splits to 2 pairs -Genetically Identical -Diploid -Quick process -For Growth and Repair Meiosis -Creates 4 Cells (Gametes) -Genetically Variable -Haploid -Slow -Used for sexual reproduction
38
In protein synthesis, what enzyme “unzips” the DNA?
Helicase
39
What enzyme makes the mRNA in protein synthesis?
Polymerase
40
What happens to an RNA strand over time?
It disintegrates as a single strand doesn’t live long (but more mRNA can be made)
41
What are the 4 bases in DNA
A,G,C,T Adeline, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
42
What is the tRNA?
The “dropper” for the amino acids on the mRNA
43
What is the requirement for the tRNA to drop an amino acid?
The anti-codon must be a match for the codon on the strand
44
What is a codon? (Protein synthesis)
Three bases in a strand of mRNA
45
What do ribosomes do in protein synthesis to the mRNA
Create “strings” of protein
46
How many RNA s are there and what do they do
-mRNA= message RNA - copies DNA and is the foundation for protein being made -ribosomal RNA =contains the “dropper” and makes the “strings” of protein -tRNA= the “dropper” which drops the amino acid when the anti codon and codon match
47
What are the components of DNA
Phosphate group Pentose sugar (deoxyribose) Nitrogenous base
48
What are the pairs in the DNA bases
A + T G + C
49
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribo-Nucleic-Acid
50
What is the name for an organism that has been edited genetically and put back together (e.g plasmid to make insulin)
Recombinant Organism

Biology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions