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Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

Full name of RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

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1
Q

Central dogma of genetics

A

“DNA encodes the information to make RNA and RNA molecules function together to make proteins” - Francis Crick, 1970

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2
Q

Where is RNA found?

A

All over the cell:

  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
  • chloroplasts
  • ribosome
  • soluble part of cytoplasm
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3
Q

3 types of RNA

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

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4
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA

transcribes DNA to RNA

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5
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA

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6
Q

tRNA

A

Transfer RNA

Transfers amino acids

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7
Q

Transcription, translation, and gene expression

A

When one section of DNA is rewritten into RNA to be then coded as a protein

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8
Q

Steps of transcription

A
  1. Helicase separates the two strands of DNA by breaking the H-bonds
  2. RNA polymerase bonds the free nucleotides to one polymerase to create new strands of RNA
  3. mRNA elongates until the terminator sequence of nucleotides
  4. RNA polymerase detaches from DNA along with mRNA
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9
Q

What is the base DNA strand for transcription?

A

DNA strand 3’-5’

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10
Q

What is the new RNA strand in transcription?

A

5’-3’

It is complementary to the base, but with U instead of T

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11
Q

Anticodon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on tRNA which attaches to mRNA

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12
Q

Codon

A

Triplet of nucleotides on mRNA

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13
Q

What is the complementary bond in transcription?

A

Anticodon

Codon

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14
Q

Describe the process of tRNA

A
  1. Anticodon comes with amino acids to synthesize proteins
  2. Ribosomes move along mRNA and another anticodon comes to synthesize next set of proteins once more as the free anticodon leaves
  3. Process continues until STOP codon is reached
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15
Q

What is the first code for translation?

A

AUG code (met)

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16
Q

The genetic code

A

A sequence of codons in mRNA

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17
Q

T/F: the genetic code is not nucleotides in DNA.

A

True

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18
Q

Introns

A

Structures in DNA that need to be cut out as they do not code any proteins

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19
Q

Exons

A

The DNA sequences that code for proteins

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20
Q

Is the genetic code degenerate?

A

Yes

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21
Q

Degenerate

A

Can mutate

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22
Q

The degeneracy code

A
  • A few amino acids are coded for by a single codon
  • most are coded for by more than one codon
  • some are coded for by up to 6 codons
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23
Q

How is the genetic code a universal code?

A
  • Used by all organisms
  • Very ancient
  • Permits investigations into common ancestry
  • permits genetically transformed organisms
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24
How many codons are there?
64
25
How many codons code for amino acids?
21
26
How many codons are stop codons?
3
27
What mutations can occur in the genetic code?
Addition Substitution Deletion
28
Addition
A nitrogenous base is added
29
Substitution
A nitrogenous base is replaced
30
Deletion
A nitrogenous base is removed
31
Sickle cell anaemia
Haemoglobin codon GAG becomes GTG
32
Meiosis
``` Division of chromatids Final product: 4 cells 2 divisions n Haploid Creates sex cells ```
33
Benefits of meiosis
Increases variation: - crossing over in Prophase 1 - independent assortment in metaphase 1 - no replication of DNA after 1st division - Random fusion of sex cells
34
Mitosis
``` Final product: 2 cells 1 division 2n Diploid Produces: somatic cells ```
35
Somatic cells
Body cells
36
Haploid
Has half the number of chromosomes
37
Diploid
Has the full number of chromosomes
38
Independent assortment
Chromosomes line up in pairs
39
Prophase 2
- DNA condenses into visible chromosomes again | - new meiotic spindle fibers are formed
40
Metaphase 2
Nuclear membrane disintegrates | Random orientation
41
Random orientation
The individual chromosomes line up along the equator of each cell in no specific order
42
Anaphase 2
- Centromeres of each chromosome split releasing each sister chromatid as an individual chromosome - spindle fibers pull individual chromatids to opposite ends of the cell - because of random orientation, the chromatids could be pulled towards either of the newly forming daughter cells
43
Telephase 2
- chromosomes unwind their strands of DNA | - nuclear envelope forms around each of the four haploid cells, preparing them for cytokinesis
44
Why is there an increased risk of having a mutation in the baby as the mother ages?
The woman's egg gets older making down syndrome (for example) more likely
45
Test cross
Testing a suspected heterozygous plant or animal by crossing it with a known homozygous recessive
46
What is genetics?
The study if inheritance
47
Which two aspects of inheritance are studied in particular?
Molecular genetics | Mendelian genetics
48
Molecular genetics
- Physical properties of molecules (DNA and RNA) | - central dogma of molecular biology
49
Mendelian genetics
Analysis of inheritance
50
Gene
One trait
51
Allele
Form of a gene
52
Locus
Position of gene
53
F2 ratio
Phenotype: 3:1 Genotype: 1:2:1
54
Mendel's laws of inheritance
Law of segregation | Independent assortment
55
Law of segregation
Alleles of each gene separate from eachother during gamete production
56
Independent assortment
Alleles of each gene separates independently
57
Pedigree charts
Used by genetic counselors to study the probability of inheriting a certain genetic disorder
58
Purpose of law of segregation
- Variation can be increased during reproduction - sex cells need to have half of genetic information to decrease chromosomes to half - inheritance of features
59
Purpose of law of independent assortment
Random position of pairs if chromosomes during metaphase allows increased variation
60
Mono hybrid inheritance
One feature is inherited by two possible alleles (dominant or recessive) Phenotype: 3:1 Genotype: 1:2:1
61
Codominance inheritance
2 alleles needed and both affect phenotype equally (heterozygous) 3 possible genotypes 3 possible phenotypes
62
Codominance inheritance F1 Generation
Offspring of two homozygous parents: 100% heterozygous
63
Codominant inheritance F2 generation
Offspring of two heterozygous parents: Genotype: 1:2:1 Phenotype: 1:2:1
64
Example of codominance
Blood groups
65
How does the length of DNA affect how far it travels?
The smaller the DNA, the larger it travels
66
Gene therapy as cystic fibrosis
1. Healthy cell 2. Restriction enzyme cuts gene 3. Ligase replaces new gene in plasmid 4. Plasmid gets put in membrane-bound structure (like an organelle) 5. Structure put in a spray 6. Patient inhales spray to replace gene

Biology (6 decks)

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