The Chemistry Of Life Flashcards
(87 cards)
0
Q
Most common elements
A
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrate Phosphorus
1
Q
Biochemistry
A
The chemistry of life
2
Q
Where are carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen found?
A
In carbohydrates and lipids
3
Q
Where are nitrates found?
A
In amino acids as proteins, coenzymes, ATP
4
Q
Co enzymes
A
Enzymes that work with other enzymes to do a function
5
Q
Where is Phosphorus found?
A
In phospholipids, ATP, RNA, NADP, NAD
6
Q
Where are phospholipids found?
A
They make up the cell membrane
7
Q
What are the 3 major minerals
A
Calcium
Iron
Sodium
8
Q
Where is calcium found and what is is used for?
A
Bones and teeth
Nerve impulse transmission
Muscle contraction
Cell walls in plants
9
Q
Where is iron found and what is it used for?
A
Haemoglobin
Photosynthesis in plants
10
Q
What is sodium used for?
A
Nerve impulse transmission
11
Q
Ca
A
Calcium
12
Q
Fe
A
Iron
13
Q
Na
A
Sodium
14
Q
C
A
Carbon
15
Q
H
A
Hydrogen
16
Q
O
A
Oxygen
17
Q
N
A
Nitrate
18
Q
P
A
Phosphorus
19
Q
What is water?
A
- In a covalent bond with electrons shared equally
- electronegative
20
Q
Electronegative
A
Electrons pulled around O
21
Q
What is special about O and water?
A
- Has free electrons (not involved in the covalent bonds)
- has 2 slightly negative regions
22
Q
Covalent bonds
A
Physically attached
23
Q
How do water molecules bond?
A
With hydrogen bonds
24
How many bonds do water solids have?
4 h-bonds max
25
How many bonds does water have?
2-3 h-bonds
26
How many bonds do water vapor have?
None
27
Is water polar?
Yes
28
Which molecules are water attracted to?
Other polar molecules
29
What are the properties of water?
```
Transparency
Cohesion
Adhesion
Capillary action
Solvent properties
Thermal properties
High heat of vaporization
In compressibility
Habitat
Freezing properties
```
30
Transparency
Light penetration
Used by water plants, the eye
31
Cohesion
H-bonds because of polarity:
- sticks to other molecules
Surface tension
32
Adhesion
Molecules of water stick to molecules of other type
33
Capillary action
Cohesion + adhesion:
| Movement of water in a column in thin tubes (xylem)
34
Solvent properties
Polarity:
| - water attracts all polar molecules to its polar ends
35
Hydrophilic
Attracts to water and can be dissolved because these molecules are polar
Salt, reducing sugars. AA
36
Hydrophobic
Away from water because they aren't polar and therefore can't be dissolved
All fats, some hormones, steroids, vitamins
37
Thermal properties
Specific heat capacity is higher than of other substances due to h-bonds
38
Specific heat capacity
Amount of heat in calcium needed to raise the temp. Of 1g of water by 1 degree celcius
39
Do thermal properties need lots of energy?
Yes
40
Examples of thermal properties at work:
Amniotic fluid-maintains temp
Animals cool down in water
Aquatic animals maintain body temp
41
High heat of vaporization
Turning liquid to gas - eat is absorbed during evaporation and acts as a coolant
Sweating, transpiration
42
In compressibility
Due to h-bonds
Hydro skeleton
Amniotic fluid
Synovial fluid
43
Synovial fluid
Fluid in joints
44
Habitat
All properties
45
Freezing properties
Less sense when frozen --expansion leads to Ice floating
46
Organic molecules
Molecules of carbon
47
Carbon
Tetravalent
| Forms long chains
48
Tetravalent
4 different bonds
49
Organic compounds
Compounds containing carbon found in living organisms -- not including carbonated, hydrogen carbonates, CO2 or CO and is often based on a skeleton of carbon
50
4 principal groups
Fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Sugars
51
Carbohydrates
Organization: monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
52
Saccharides
Sugars
53
Monosaccharides
```
5C pentoses (ribose, deoxyribose)
6C hexoses (glucose, fructose, galactose)
```
54
1-4 glycosidic bond to form disaccharides
The two sugars are joined by condensation and may be broken by hydrolysis
55
Side effect of condensation
Water
56
Polysaccharides
3 or more molecules joined
Macrolecules
Common ones based upon glucose
57
Branched polysaccharides
Amylose
Amylopectin
= starches
58
Structure of a starch molecule
A chain of glucose molecules
Shape of a helix cuz of hbonds
Found in food plants - store of energy
59
Structure of a glycogen molecule
Branched molecules:
- 1-6 glycosidic bonds
Storage of energy for animals
60
Structure of cellulose
Chain of glucose molecules
Connected in ladder form by hbonds
Cell wall
61
Carbohydrates functions
Sugars:
- maintain osmosis
- transport energy reserve
- energy substrate
- energy store
- flavoring
- building blocks of polysaccharides, neucliotides
62
Polysaccharides (hydrophobic)
- Osmotically inactive carbohydrate storage (seeds, roots, chloroplasts)
- structural (cellulose in plants)
63
Glucose formula
C6H12O6
64
7 monosaccharides formula
(C6H12O6) x 7 - (H2O) x 6
| = C42H72O36
65
Amino acids
```
Amino group +
Carboxyl group +
Hydrogen +
Variable
each joined to central carbon atom
```
66
Types of amino acids
```
21
Hydrophilic (polar)
Neutralized at pH7
Residues are side chains which give
the individual properties (ionized,
neutralizes, etc.)
```
67
Functions of amino acids
```
Protein synthesis
Energy reserve
Hormones
Essential amino acids cannot be
made, must be eaten
```
68
Protein
Made of 2 or more polypeptides combined
69
Polypeptide
A molecule made by condensation of 3 or more amino acids
70
Lipids
```
C
H
O
Hydrophobic
More hydrogen than carbohydrates
```
71
Fatty acids
Carboxylic acid +
| long hydrocarbon chain
72
Difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
Double/triple bond
73
Saturated fatty acids
```
No double bonds
Abundant in fats
More reduced
More energy
High melting point
```
74
Unsaturated fatty acids
```
One of more double bonds
Abundant in oils
Less reduced
Less energy
Low melting point
```
75
Phospholipids
Build the membrane
76
Other lipids
Steroids
| Waxes
77
Purpose of steroids
```
Cell membrane structure
Digestion
Hormones
Vitamins
Poisons
```
78
Purpose of waxes
Waterproof coating to leaves, fur,
feathers, etc.
Insect exoskeleton
79
Glycogen
```
Stored in liver cell in animals
Short term energy storage
Quick release of energy
(easy digestion)
1/2 as much energy used by lipids
More soluble in water than lipids
```
80
Lipids
```
Stored in plants and animal cells
Long term energy storage
Slower release of energy
(stored in adipose tissue)
Twice as much energy as carbs
Hydrophobic
```
81
Organic compounds
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Glucose
82
How are organic compounds brown down?
By enzymes in a controlled process
83
Glycolysis
No oxygen
In cytoplasm
2 ATP (produced from 1 glucose)
2 pyruvates (3 C molecules)
84
Anaerobic respiration
Pyruvates (3C) converted into:
- lactate (lactic acid in humans)
- ethanol and CO2 in yeast
(Toxic substances which are produced in small quantities and have to be removed)
85
Formula for lactate
2C3H6O3
86
Formula for ethanol
2C2H5OH
