Genetics

Question 0

Definition of sugar

Answer 0

Sugar is one of the sides of the ladder and is part of the DNA structure

Question 1

What does DNA stand for

Answer 1

Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid

Question 2

Definition of DNA

Answer 2

Is the genetic material that is found in the nucleus of living cells

Question 3

Definition of Phosphate

Answer 3

Like sugar phosphate is part of the DNA structure and makes up the sides off the ladder

Question 4

Adenine

Answer 4

A base that is found in DNA. Adenine (A) will only bond with Thymine (T) and this pairing forms the ‘rungs’ of DNA

Question 5

Allele

Answer 5

One of the number of possible forms of a gene. Each characteristic has two alleles.

Question 6

Amino acids

Answer 6

Building blocks of proteins- there are 20 different kinds

Question 7

Anther

Answer 7

Found in plant flowers and carries pollen- the male gamete of plants

Question 8

A-sexual reproduction

Answer 8

Reproduction of identical offspring from a single parent. No gametes are involved but instead fission and spores are.

Question 9

Autosomes

Answer 9

Any chromosomes found in cell other than sex chromosomes

Question 10

Base pair

Answer 10

The two bases making up each ‘rung’ of DNA: either A-T or C-G

Question 11

Biodiversity

Answer 11

The variation of species within an ecosystem

Question 12

Cell

Answer 12

The structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Question 13

Cell division

Answer 13

The formation of two or more daughter cells from one original cells

Question 14

Chromosomes

Answer 14

Thread-like structures bearing genes that are found in the nucleus of a cell. Visible during the prophase of cell division

Question 15

Characteristic

Answer 15

A distinctive feature of an organism

Question 16

Cloning

Answer 16

A process that produces identical genetic individuals

Question 17

Cytosine

Answer 17

A base that is found in DNA. A cytosine (C) will only bond with Guanine (G)

Question 18

DNA replication

Answer 18

The process whereby DNA makes an exact copy of itself

Question 19

Dominant

Answer 19

An allele that controls the phenotype regardless of what the other allele is.

Question 20

Double helix

Answer 20

A term used to describe the structure of DNA; a spiral-ladder shaped molecule

Question 21

Enzymes

Answer 21

Are proteins that act as biological catalyst in living organisms. They control the rate of reactions

Question 22

Fertilisation

Answer 22

The joining of a female an

Question 23

Meiosis

Answer 23

Sexual cell reproduction to form gametes. DNA replication occurs I this process

Question 24

What is a nucleotide made of

Answer 24

It's is made of a base, sugar and phosphate

Question 25

What is a gene

Answer 25

A gene codes for a particular protein which determines a trait/characteristic. A gene is found in the Chromosomes

Question 26

What gives characteristics/traits

Answer 26

A sequence of bases in a gene that determines the protein produced, which gives the characteristic/trait

Question 27

What is a mutation

Answer 27

A permanent change in DNA sequence or number of chromosomes

Question 28

What can a mutation do

Answer 28

Slightly alter the gene Create an alternate form of the gene called an allele Difference in base sequence which may produce a different amino acid sequence which would therefore create a different protein.

Question 29

What does meiosis do

Answer 29

Produce gametes | Produce 4 genetically different cells that are haploid

Question 30

What does mitosis do

Answer 30

It grows and repairs 2 genetically identical cells that are diploid. Only occurs in body (somatic) cells

Question 31

How does meiosis cause variation

Answer 31

Crossing over- bits of homologous are exchanged Independent assortment- the pairs of homologous chromosomes that go into a gamete after they line up in pairs are completely random.

Question 32

Genotype

Answer 32

Combination of 2 alleles that an organism has for a particular gene

Question 33

Phenotype

Answer 33

Is the physical appereance of a genotype

Question 34

Variation

Answer 34

Natural difference that occur between different organisms. They are due to slight differences in the genetic code

Question 35

Why is variation important

Answer 35

Some combinations of alleles create phenotypes that provide a survival advantage for the individual.

Question 36

Environmental changes that could affect population survival

Answer 36

``` Pests Disease Drought Flood Climate change ```

Question 37

Advantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 37

Variation Allows evolution More likely to survive as a population or species as a whole

Question 38

Advantages of asexual reproduction

Answer 38

You get the exact same gene code Faster process Less energy

Question 39

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

Answer 39

Takes time to find a mate Special organs are needed More energy Takes two

Question 40

Disadvantage of asexual reproduction

Answer 40

No variation- cannot adapt

Question 41

What is a pure bred organism

Answer 41

Has no hidden genetic characteristics that may be undesirable for the breeder They are homozygous for the desired traits Will always show the desired phenotype

Question 42

Describe the process of meiosis

Answer 42

DNA is replicated and the pairs of chromosomes are split in 2, to form 4 gametes. Each containing half the number of chromosomes than a normal body cell.