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ANSC exam 3 (last part before final) > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

what are genetics

A
  1. transfer of genetic info from one generation to the next

2. allow for existence and adaptation of a species or population

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2
Q

define genotype

A

individuals genetic makeup

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3
Q

define pheotype

A
  1. expression of an animals genotype

2. genetics + environment

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4
Q

with regards to animal breeding, how do genetics come into play

A

evaluation of the genetic value of domestic livestock

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of genetics with food animal production

A
  1. population genetics
  2. quantitative genetics
  3. molecular genomics
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6
Q

what is population genetics

A
  1. study of allele frequency distribution and change due to natural selection, genetic drift, mutations, and gene low
  2. attempts to explain adaptation
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7
Q

what is quantitative genetics

A
  1. study of inheritance of continuously measured traits (height and weight) and their mechanisms
  2. development of EBV in sheep, EPD in pigs and beef, and PTA in dairy
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8
Q

what does EBV, EPD, and PTA stand for and what are they based off of

A
  1. Expected breeding value
  2. Expected Progeny Difference
  3. Predicted Transmitted Ability

based off of

  1. parents performance
  2. individual performance
  3. progeny performance
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9
Q

What is genomics

A

study of genetics which applies to DNA, DNA sequencing, bioinformatics, and analyze function and structure of genomes

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10
Q

what is the central dogma theory

A
  1. developed by Watson and Crick in 1953
  2. Genetic material (genotype) is deoxyribonucleic acid which transfers sequential information to make a protein
  3. no reverse flow from protein to RNA or DNA
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11
Q

What are the 2 steps in protein synthesis

A
  1. Transcription

2. Translation

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12
Q

What is transcription

A
  1. first step in protein synthesis
  2. DNA to RNA
  3. occurs in nucleus
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13
Q

what is translation

A
  1. RNA to protein

2. occurs in cytoplasm

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14
Q

What is DNA a sequence of

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

what is the sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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16
Q

There are nitrogenous bases in DNA,

  1. what are the 2 base groups
  2. what are the 2 parts for each group
A
  1. Purines: Adenine & Guanine

2. Pyrmidines Thymine & cytosine

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17
Q

what does SNP stand for

A

single nucleotide polymorphism

phosphate group

18
Q

What is the RNA function

A

to copy DNA code

19
Q

what are the 3 steps in the RNA copying process

A
  1. Transfer (tRNA): matches the genetic code in a 3 nucleotide sequences called anitcodon
  2. Messenger (mRNA): encodes for tRNA and moves RNA to cytoplasm
  3. Ribosomal (rRNA): structural component of ribosomes (site of protein synthesis
20
Q

what are codons

A

the genetic code

21
Q

mitosis

A

process which separates chromosomes into 2 identical daughter cells

22
Q

meiosis

A

special type of cell division necessary for production of gamates

23
Q

homozygous

A

similar pari of alleles

24
Q

heterozygous

A

2 different alleles

25
Q

what is gene expression

A

info from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

26
Q

what is an allele

A

one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or gene locus

27
Q

define locus

A

group of genes

28
Q

what is a dominate allele

A

member of gene pair in which it masks the phenotype expression of the other allele
*designated by a capital letter

29
Q

recessive allele

A

member of an allele pair which is only expressed when the dominant allele is absent

30
Q

dominant vs recessive examples in cattle and horses

A
  1. cattle
    - black vs red coat
    - white face vs colored face
  2. horse
    - black vs brown
31
Q

what is co-dominance

A

situation where neither gene is dominant so each trait is expressed in the offspring
example is roan

32
Q

what is incomplete dominance

A 
no dominance exists and heterozygous offspring appear intermediate 
ex:
RR=red
rr=white 
Rr=pink
33
Q

What is Epistatis

A

genes at different loci interact with one another

expression of genes at one loci is influenced upon presence of alleles at one or more loci

34
Q

example of epistasis

A

horse coat color

*gene alleles present at E locus and A locus determine color

35
Q

Explain the E locus

A

Mainly for body color

  • E(dominant) = eumelanin expressed (black)
  • e(recessive)= eumelanin is restricted which means phaeomelanin is expressed (red)
36
Q

Explain A locus

A

A(dominant)= restricts eumelanin to horse points which are the mane, tail, and legs

a(recessive)= do not restrict the eumelanin

37
Q

Explain multiple alleles

A

*phenotype expression is controlled by many gene locations for example the blood type in humans is controlled by 3 allels

38
Q

explain sex linked inheritance

A
  1. X-linked genes
    *passed via non-homologous portion of the x chromosomes
    *passed to male (XY) or female (XX)
    EX is calico cats
  2. Y-Linked
    *via non homologous portion of Y chromosomes
    *passed only to male
39
Q

Explain sex related inheritance

A

same gene is expressed differently depending on sex of animal

  • horns in sheep
  • males genes for horns are dominant over polled
  • female gene for polled is dominant over horns
40
Q

explain sex limited traits

A

genes carried by both sexes, but only expressed by one sex

  • female milk production, litter size, egg production
  • male: libido, chryptorchid

ANSC exam 3 (last part before final) (3 decks)

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