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Social Studies 8th Grade > Genetics > Flashcards

Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does genotype mean?

A

The way genes are structured, eg Bb, BB, bb

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2
Q

What does phenotype mean?

A

How you look, eg brown eyes

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3
Q

Cell Theory

A

Everything in the universe is made up of cells

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4
Q

Cell membrane function

A

Controls what comes in and out of the cell

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5
Q

Nucleus function

A

Directs the cell’s activities

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6
Q

Cell wall function

A

Protects and supports a plant cell

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7
Q

Centrioles function?

A

Help the mitotic spindle

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8
Q

Nuclear membrane function

A

Protects the nucleus

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9
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Cell is growing and developing
Copies its DNA and centrioles
Preparing for mitosis

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10
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Prophase: spindle fibers form
Metaphase: chromosomes form an equator in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: centromeres break and chromatids move towards opposite sides of the cell
Telophase: nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes

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11
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

The cell membrane pinches shut and divides the daughter cells

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12
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis?

A

To grow and develop the organism

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13
Q

What kind of cells are produced in mitosis?

A

Body cells

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14
Q

How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell after mitosis?

A

A full set (humans: 46)

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15
Q

What shape is DNA?

A

Double helix

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16
Q

What are the parts of DNA?

A

Sides: sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules
Rungs: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine held together by hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

How do the bases match up?

A

In pairs
A always bonds with T
G always bonds with C

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18
Q

What does the order of the bases do?

A

determine the genes

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19
Q

What did Gregor Mendel experiment with?

A

Pea plants

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20
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

He bred tall/short pea plants together

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21
Q

Explain the Mendelian pattern of inheritance.

A

Controlled by just one gene
Two alleles - one dominant, one recessive
If one of the dominant allele is present, it will appear in the phenotype

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22
Q

Explain the pattern of inheritance controlled by single genes with three or more alleles.

A

Three or more alleles; can be co-dominant.

Blood type: A & B are co-dominant; blood types can be A, B, AB, or O

23
Q

Explain traits controlled by many genes.

A

Eye color

Height

24
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Strands composed of DNA

25
Q

What is a gene?

A

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

26
Q

What is an allele?

A

A version of a gene

27
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Contains two different alleles for a gene

28
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Two of the same alleles for a trait

29
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele controlling a trait that will always appear

30
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that will always be hidden by a dominant allele if present

31
Q

What is a co-dominant allele?

A

Alleles which will both be expressed in the phenotype because neither is recessive

32
Q

What is a Punnet Square?

A

A visual representation of all possible outcomes of a genetic cross with one parent’s alleles on the top and the others on the bottom and the offspring’s potential alleles in the boxes

33
Q

What does the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance say?

A

Chromosomes in sex cells carry genes from parents to offspring

34
Q

Who came up with the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?

A

Walter Sutton

35
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

To create sex cells

36
Q

What kind of cells does meiosis produce?

A

Sex cells

37
Q

How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell after meiosis?

A

Half the number (humans: 23)

38
Q

How do you read and construct a pedigree?

A 
First row: parent generation
Second row on: F1, F2, etc. (filial or child generations)
Circle: female
Square: male
Horizontal line: marriage
Vertical/tree-like lines: children
Shaded in: has trait
Not shaded in: does not have trait
Half shaded in: carrier of trait
39
Q

What is the Theory of Natural Selection?

A

Evolutionary change comes from adaptation of organisms to their environment over generations to use the most advantageous variations

40
Q

Who came up with the Theory of Natural Selection?

A

Charles Darwin after his journey to the Galapagos Islands

41
Q

How can characteristics of a species change over time?

A

Over time, variations are introduced into a species. If a variation is helpful, the individuals with the variation are more likely to live on and reproduce than their counterparts without the variation and the variation becomes the norm

42
Q

Homeostasis - how do organisms maintain constant internal conditions?

A

Temperature - sweating, shivering, etc.

43
Q

What is hibernation?

A

A behavioral adaptation that allows a species to conserve energy in a long, deep sleep so they don’t have to find resources

44
Q

What is dormancy?

A

A behavioral adaptation; a period when an organism’s growth and activity stops

45
Q

What is migration?

A

A behavioral adaptation during which an organism travels to a secondary area to find resources regularly

46
Q

What is group behavior?

A

A behavioral adaptation where a group of same-species organisms works together

47
Q

What are structural adaptations?

A

Beak design - best design = best eating
Protective coloration - camouflage
Seed dispersal - spreading seeds far from their parent plant
Pollination - using animals to spread pollen between plants

48
Q

What is the difference between mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism?

A

Mutualism: benefits both organisms
Parasitism: benefits one organism and hurts the other
Commensalism: benefits one organism and does not affect the other

49
Q

What is competition?

A

The race between two species to secure resources

50
Q

What is gene therapy?

A

Using healthy DNA in a vector to heal damaged or mutated DNA

51
Q

What is cloning?

A

Creating an exact replica of an organism

52
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Undifferentiated cells that can grow to be many types of cells

53
Q

What are epidemiologists?

A

Scientists who study diseases and how they spread

Social Studies 8th Grade (9 decks)

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