Genetics

Question 1

What does genotype mean?

Answer 1

The way genes are structured, eg Bb, BB, bb

Question 2

What does phenotype mean?

Answer 2

How you look, eg brown eyes

Question 3

Cell Theory

Answer 3

Everything in the universe is made up of cells

Question 4

Cell membrane function

Answer 4

Controls what comes in and out of the cell

Question 5

Nucleus function

Answer 5

Directs the cell’s activities

Question 6

Cell wall function

Answer 6

Protects and supports a plant cell

Question 7

Centrioles function?

Answer 7

Help the mitotic spindle

Question 8

Nuclear membrane function

Answer 8

Protects the nucleus

Question 9

What happens during interphase?

Answer 9

Cell is growing and developing
Copies its DNA and centrioles
Preparing for mitosis

Question 10

What happens during mitosis?

Answer 10

Prophase: spindle fibers form
Metaphase: chromosomes form an equator in the middle of the cell
Anaphase: centromeres break and chromatids move towards opposite sides of the cell
Telophase: nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes

Question 11

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 11

The cell membrane pinches shut and divides the daughter cells

Question 12

What is the purpose of mitosis?

Answer 12

To grow and develop the organism

Question 13

What kind of cells are produced in mitosis?

Answer 13

Body cells

Question 14

How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell after mitosis?

Answer 14

A full set (humans: 46)

Question 15

What shape is DNA?

Answer 15

Double helix

Question 16

What are the parts of DNA?

Answer 16

Sides: sugar (deoxyribose) and phosphate molecules
Rungs: adenine, guanine, thymine, and cytosine held together by hydrogen bonds

Question 17

How do the bases match up?

Answer 17

In pairs
A always bonds with T
G always bonds with C

Question 18

What does the order of the bases do?

Answer 18

determine the genes

Question 19

What did Gregor Mendel experiment with?

Answer 19

Pea plants

Question 20

What did Gregor Mendel do?

Answer 20

He bred tall/short pea plants together

Question 21

Explain the Mendelian pattern of inheritance.

Answer 21

Controlled by just one gene
Two alleles - one dominant, one recessive
If one of the dominant allele is present, it will appear in the phenotype

Question 22

Explain the pattern of inheritance controlled by single genes with three or more alleles.

Answer 22

Three or more alleles; can be co-dominant.

Blood type: A & B are co-dominant; blood types can be A, B, AB, or O

Question 23

Explain traits controlled by many genes.

Answer 23

Eye color

Height

Question 24

What is a chromosome?

Answer 24

Strands composed of DNA

Question 25

What is a gene?

Answer 25

A segment of DNA that codes for a specific trait

Question 26

What is an allele?

Answer 26

A version of a gene

Question 27

What does heterozygous mean?

Answer 27

Contains two different alleles for a gene

Question 28

What does homozygous mean?

Answer 28

Two of the same alleles for a trait

Question 29

What is a dominant allele?

Answer 29

An allele controlling a trait that will always appear

Question 30

What is a recessive allele?

Answer 30

An allele that will always be hidden by a dominant allele if present

Question 31

What is a co-dominant allele?

Answer 31

Alleles which will both be expressed in the phenotype because neither is recessive

Question 32

What is a Punnet Square?

Answer 32

A visual representation of all possible outcomes of a genetic cross with one parent's alleles on the top and the others on the bottom and the offspring's potential alleles in the boxes

Question 33

What does the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance say?

Answer 33

Chromosomes in sex cells carry genes from parents to offspring

Question 34

Who came up with the Chromosome Theory of Inheritance?

Answer 34

Walter Sutton

Question 35

What is the purpose of meiosis?

Answer 35

To create sex cells

Question 36

What kind of cells does meiosis produce?

Answer 36

Sex cells

Question 37

How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell after meiosis?

Answer 37

Half the number (humans: 23)

Question 38

How do you read and construct a pedigree?

Answer 38

``` First row: parent generation Second row on: F1, F2, etc. (filial or child generations) Circle: female Square: male Horizontal line: marriage Vertical/tree-like lines: children Shaded in: has trait Not shaded in: does not have trait Half shaded in: carrier of trait ```

Question 39

What is the Theory of Natural Selection?

Answer 39

Evolutionary change comes from adaptation of organisms to their environment over generations to use the most advantageous variations

Question 40

Who came up with the Theory of Natural Selection?

Answer 40

Charles Darwin after his journey to the Galapagos Islands

Question 41

How can characteristics of a species change over time?

Answer 41

Over time, variations are introduced into a species. If a variation is helpful, the individuals with the variation are more likely to live on and reproduce than their counterparts without the variation and the variation becomes the norm

Question 42

Homeostasis - how do organisms maintain constant internal conditions?

Answer 42

Temperature - sweating, shivering, etc.

Question 43

What is hibernation?

Answer 43

A behavioral adaptation that allows a species to conserve energy in a long, deep sleep so they don't have to find resources

Question 44

What is dormancy?

Answer 44

A behavioral adaptation; a period when an organism's growth and activity stops

Question 45

What is migration?

Answer 45

A behavioral adaptation during which an organism travels to a secondary area to find resources regularly

Question 46

What is group behavior?

Answer 46

A behavioral adaptation where a group of same-species organisms works together

Question 47

What are structural adaptations?

Answer 47

Beak design - best design = best eating Protective coloration - camouflage Seed dispersal - spreading seeds far from their parent plant Pollination - using animals to spread pollen between plants

Question 48

What is the difference between mutualism, parasitism, and commensalism?

Answer 48

Mutualism: benefits both organisms Parasitism: benefits one organism and hurts the other Commensalism: benefits one organism and does not affect the other

Question 49

What is competition?

Answer 49

The race between two species to secure resources

Question 50

What is gene therapy?

Answer 50

Using healthy DNA in a vector to heal damaged or mutated DNA

Question 51

What is cloning?

Answer 51

Creating an exact replica of an organism

Question 52

What are stem cells?

Answer 52

Undifferentiated cells that can grow to be many types of cells

Question 53

What are epidemiologists?

Answer 53

Scientists who study diseases and how they spread