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Genetics Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Genetic cross

A

mate (breed) selected individuals to reveal underlying in heritance

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2
Q

Genetics

A

Scientific study of inheritance

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3
Q

What is special about pea plants?

A

They can self-fertilize

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4
Q

True-breeding traits

A

Parents with identical alleles yield offspring with the same allele

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5
Q

Parental Generation

A

parents that are crossed

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6
Q

1st filial generation (F1)

A

first generation of offspring

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7
Q

2nd filial generation (F2)

A

offspring when F1 are bred

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8
Q

What is the ratio of the F2 generation when the P generation are true-bred?

A

3:1

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9
Q

Genes can be…

A

dominant or recessive

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10
Q

What are alternative forms of genes?

A

Alleles

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11
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

different traits are independent of each other (not on the same chromosome)

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12
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

neither trait is dominant

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13
Q

Co-dominance

A

traits of both true-breeding parents visible in offspring

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14
Q

What determines phenotype?

A

Genes + environment

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15
Q

What is the difference between fraternal and identical twins?

A

fraternal: two eggs
identical: one egg

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16
Q

How many autosomal chromosomes do humans have?

A

22 non-sec chromosomes

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17
Q

What are some recessive gene defects?

A

Sickle cell anemia- red blood cells- autosomal
Cystic Fibrosis
Tay-Sachs

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18
Q

If a disease, like Tay Sachs, is autosomal and recessive and both parents are carriers, what percentage of children with inherit the disorder?

A

25%

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19
Q

What is the difference between dominant gene defects and recessive gene defects?

A

only need 1 copy (1 allele) of gene of dominant to have the defect, need 2 with recessive

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20
Q

When do symptoms of Huntington’s disease appear?

A

Mid-life, it is a dominant defect

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21
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

extra fingers or toes- dominant defect

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22
Q

What is a sex-linked trait?

A

Gene on sex chromosomes

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23
Q

If a father is colorblind and a mother is normal (XCXc), what percentage of children will be colorblind?

A

50%

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24
Q

How is hemophilia inherited?

A

sex-linked recessive

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25
How does a man inherited a sex-linked recessive trait? That is, where specifically does the allele com from?
Mother, dad gives the Y chromosome
26
What are sex-influenced traits?
autosomal traits in which the phenotype is influenced by sex hormones (environment) --the alleles are not on the sex chromosomes
27
What is aneuploidy?
Incorrect number of chromosomes
28
What is non-disjunction?
the cause of aneuploidy- no seperation during either Meiosis 1 or 2, leaving the incorrect number of chrosomes
29
What is down-syndrome?
Most common aneuploidy- Trisomy 21- extra 21st chromosome
30
What are some types of abnormal chromosome structures?
Deletion, duplication, translocation- crossing over in non-homologous chromosomes
31
What does genetic screening do?
Used to diagnose genetic diseases, identify carriers, predict risks
32
What do we use ultrasounds for?
date pregnancy, confirm viability, determine sex, check for major physical abnormalities, twins, growth rate
33
What is amniocentesis?
test for genetic abnormalities, hypodermic needle into the water sac
34
What is chorionic villus sampling? CVS
determining genetic disorders from the placenta
35
What is ecology?
Study of interrelationships (interactions) of organisms and environment
36
What is a population?
groups of individuals of the same species in an area
37
2 properties of populations
genetic makeup can change over time, characteristics (appearance) can also change
38
Evolution
Change in genetic makeup of population over time
39
What were Darwin's believes before and after his trip?
Before: content that species don't change after: lineages of organisms gradually change
40
What were some of Darwin's conclusions?
individuals variable in population, some variation is passed to offspring (heritable), more offspring are produced than survive, survival and reproduction is not random--natural selection
41
Natural Selection
individuals with favorable traits produce more offspring in their lifetime than those with less favorable traits and this leads to change
42
What are the mechanisms of evolution?
Mutations, migration, genetic drift, non-random mating, selection (nat. and art.)
43
Artificial selection
selection by humans, selective breeding that produces new strains of domestic organisms
44
What are the types of artificial selection?
Directional, stabilizing, disruptive
45
Directional selection
favor one extreme phenotype
46
Stabilizing selection
favors average over both extremes
47
Disruptive Selection
Favors both extremes, selects against the average
48
Speciation
Process by which one species becomes two or more
49
How does speciation occur?
populations are separated via barrier, environments slowly change/diverge, become district and can no longer interbreed
50
Pre-mating mechanism
Prevents mating- behavioral differences among species make them unnattractive
51
Post-mating mechanisms
mate not viable, sperm didn't survive, didn't fertilize, embryo doesn't develop, etc.
52
What is the initial factor in speciation?
Geographic separation
53
Adaptation
Traits that allow organisms to survive and reproduce
54
Vestigial Structrures
Structures that have no function for organism today
55
Genetic engineering
Manipulation of organism's genetic materials
56
Steps of genetic engineering
Chop, amplify, insert, grow, identify
57
BT corn
insect resistant crop
58
Monohybrid cross
Cross between individuals that differ in only one trait (ex: flower color is purple vs. white)
59
Test cross
cross to determine genotype of individual with dominant trait
60
Mendel's first Law
the 2 alleles carried by each parents are separated during formation of gametes

Bio 103 (4 decks)

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