Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Genetics and Evolution > Flashcards

Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

0
Q

Where does meiosis occur?

A
  • during sexual reproduction

- occupies in ovaries and testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are prokaryotes? Describe them.

A
  • the earliest forms of life
  • lack membrane bound nucleus
  • small, simple, single celled
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is convergence

A

Evolution of superficially similar animals on spite of basis automical difference

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is directional selection?

A

Form of evolution where a certain genotype is favored, more useful for survival, passed on so most population has that gene. Move entire population from present percentage to new percentage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the acronym DNA stand for?

A

Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what part of the cell do you find DNA?

A

Eukaryotic is it found in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of DNA

A

Controls the activities of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is a monomer? Polymer?

A

A single unit of one nucleotide.

A chain do single units.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Two examples of pyrimidines are?

A

Cytosine & thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three part for the nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two examples of purines?

A

Guanine & adenine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which nucleotide is different in RNA?

A

Uracil instead of thymine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which scientist first described the double helix structure of DNA.

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the five kingdoms? Give a example of each plus a characteristic.

A
  • Animalia: humans, eukaryotic/heterotrophic
  • Fungi: mushrooms, eukaryotic
  • Protista: amoeba, eukaryotic/unicellular
  • Monera: bacteria, prokaryotic
  • Plantae: cherry tree, eukaryotic/phototropic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 7 taxa?

A

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define ecology

A

Interactions of organisms with environment & each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define biology

A

Study of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define taxonomy

A

Classification or organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Define virology

A

Study of viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does each human have? how many are different and similar?

A
  • 23 pairs
  • male 22 autosomes and 1XY
  • female 22 autosomes and 1XX
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is speciation?

A

The process where one species changes into another species over a long period of time. Divergent evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Who was Charles Darwin and what theory did he formulate.

A

He wrote the origin of species and create theory of natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are proteins and what are they used for?

A
  • long strands of amino acids

- required for growth, repair, and maintenance of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

A theory which states that life arises from non-life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What is morphogenesis?
Emergence of shape in tissues, organs, or an entire embryo during development
25
What is the significance of Louis Pasteur, Lazzaro Spallannzani, and Francisco Redi? Briefly describe their experiments.
Disproved spontaneous generation through three separates experiments: meat/maggots, gravy and nutrient broth.
26
Currently, organisms are protected from UV radiation by what substance?
Ozone
27
What was the original protection before oxygen forming organisms?
Water.
28
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
Phenotype: observable, physical traits of an organism Genotype: the genetic make-up of an organism
29
What is evolution.
Change over time
30
Define survival of the fittest
Organism with the highest fitness will survive and reproduce
31
What are biological species
Species define by their ability to interbreed and produce viable offspring in nature
32
Define gradualism
Slow steady change over millions of years
33
Define niche
A combination of an organism job and location in the environment
34
Define fossil
The remains of plant or animal that existed in the past geological age that has been excavated from the soil.
35
What's Anabolism?
Process of a living thing involves synthesizing complex substances from simpler substances
36
Define metabolism
Sum of chemical reactions in the body
37
What's catabolism?
Breakdown of complex substance into simpler
38
Define unicellular
An organism with only one cell
39
Define carry capacity.
As a population rises resources will tend to become limited and results in competition.
40
Homeostasis
Process by which organism keeps internal conditions constant despite changes in their environment external environment
41
Contrast photosynthesis with chemosynthesis
Photo uses sun lights to drive the chemical reaction while chemo uses chemical energy such as H2S to drive the synthesis of complex carbon compounds
42
Describe frame shift mutations
Single base is either inserted or deleted
43
Define point mutations
Affects only a single nucleotide
44
Define polyploidy
Extra sets of chromosomes
45
What current conditions limits the chance of new life arising
- oxidizing environment | - breakdown of organic material by decomposers
46
What's the Urey/Miller experiment?
Showed that the earth's atmosphere most likely contained gases
47
What created earth's atmosphere?
Volcanic activity, meteorite impacts
48
What's stabilizing selection?
Removal of two extremes in a species | Result is a narrower range of all organisms.
49
Analogous structures?
Common traits due to environment
50
Homologous structure
Structures that are the same due to same ancestors
51
Artificial selection
Breeding for specific traits, doesn't occur naturally
52
What is an anticodon?
DNA codons, mRNA copies codons! therefore anticodons
53
What are autosomes
Chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes.
54
What's the cell cycle
I punch myself all the time. | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
55
What's the cell cycle
I Punch Myself All the Time. | Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
56
What're chromatids.
Two strands joined together by single centromere.
57
What's convergent evolution
Developement of similar organisms that evolve from a different ancestor.
58
Disruptive selection
Extremes more favourable than average. 2 new species one old one
59
What is directional selection?
Move the entire population from one present average to another e.g. Human height
60
Founder effect
Small group of individuals establishes a new population, different from the parent group.
61
G1
Cell growth and differentiation occurs
62
G2
Synthesis of other molecules, chromosomal separation
63
S phase
Synthesizing of DNA and chromosomes replicate
64
Genes
Makeup of DNA, segments
65
What's binomial nomenclature?
Developed by Carolus Linnaeus that gave each organism a two-part scientific name. After naming organism he grouped them according to their similarities.
66
How do you write scientific names
Genus species written as either underlined or italics
67
Heterotrophic vs autotrophic
Heterotropic: cannot produce own food, must get complex carbon sources from other organisms Autotrophic: ability to make own food
68
Describe cell theory
- all made up of one or more cells - reproduce - grow and develop - obtain and use energy - respond to environment
69
Compare meiosis and mitosis
Mitosis: asexual reproduction, exact copy, identical, body cells Meiosis: sexual reproduction, non-identical. Reduction inch room some number, gametes
70
Stage of mitosis
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase interphase Aka I punch myself all the time
71
What is a vestigial structure and give an example
Remnant of features which are no longer used | Examples: ear muscles, body hair, tail bone
72
Compare and contrast giraffe necks (natural selection vs acquired characteristics)
- Lamarck : giraffes wanted to change. Let's stretch our necks. Believe in the power! insertmoreidealisticshithere - The actual thing: environment acted upon variety within population, selected against short neck giraffes
73
What provides the variation upon which natural selection occurs
Gene mutations and gene combinations
74
What is punctuated equilibrium?
New species is developed during rapid periods of change followed by long periods of stasis
75
What factor influenced the increase of peppered moths?
Industrial Melanism. Change in environment. Dark/light coloured trees.

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions