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Biology > Microbiology > Flashcards

Microbiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endospore?

A

a highly resistant spore which can be formed in many types of bacteria

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2
Q

When is the endospore created? What does it do?

A

When exposed to unfavorable conditions. Allows bacterial DNA to survive until favourable conditions return

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3
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Make food from CO2 and H2O

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4
Q

What allows photosynthesis to occur?

A

Light energy drives the reaction

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5
Q

What is another word for photosynthetic organisms?

A

Autotrophic

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6
Q

Is light required for chemosynthesis?

A

lolz nope

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7
Q

How is energy obtained from chemosynthesis?

A

energy comes from breaking inorganic compounds

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8
Q

Which organisms have the ability to carry out chemosynthesis?

A

Bacteria ONLY.

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9
Q

Is chemosynthesis heterotrophic or autotrophic?

A

Heterotrophic! Haha no.

It’s autotrophic. Duh. >_>

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10
Q

What does it mean if a bacteria is heterotrophic?

A

It depends on other living things for their food; cannot produce own food.

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11
Q

Name two kinds of heterotrophic bacteria.

A

SAPROPHYTES (organism that lives on decay: an organism, especially a fungus or bacterium, that obtains food from dead or decaying organic matter) and PARASITES

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12
Q

Saprophytes - where do they get their food from?

A

They feed on dead plants, animals, spoiled food, etc. Non-living organic matter. (Decomposer).

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13
Q

How do saprophytes feed?

A

By secreting enzymes on the food. Chemical reactions breakdown foods so that small particles can pass through the cell membrane.

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14
Q

Parasites - where do they get their food from?

A

Attaching to or inside living organisms; invades tissue & feeds directly on organic matter in tissue.
(They have a limited # of enzymes so they use host’s enzymes)

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15
Q

What is a host?

A

No, it is NOT someone who entertains guests.

It is, in fact, the living organism that supports a parasite.

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16
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

any foreign material that causes disease

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17
Q

What are obligate aerobes? Give an example.

A

Bacteria that can only survive in the presence of oxygen. (cellular respiration).
Cause TB, pneumonia, diphtheria, cholera

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18
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

A bacteria that can survive w/o oxygen. (fermentation)

e.g. Botulism

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19
Q

What happens when an obligate anaerobe is exposed to oxygen?

A

killed or have their growth inhibited

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20
Q

What are facultative aerobes?

A

Functions mainly in the absence of oxygen. CAN function in a limited way in the presence of oxygen.

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21
Q

What are facultative anaerobes?

A

Grow best in the presence of oxygen, but can also function w/o oxygen

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22
Q

Describe fermentation

A

Glucose is burned in the absence of oxygen.

Products are 2 ATP and Lactic Acid or Ethanol and CO2 or Acetic Acid and CO2.

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23
Q

Describe respiration

A

Glucose is burned in the presence of oxygen.

Products are 36 ATP and CO2 and H2O.

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24
Q

What is the importance of bacteria in the ecosystem?

A

Breaks down non-living matter, releases nutrients back into the ecosystem. Basis of fewd chain. Maek air.
Nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

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25
Q

Define symbiosis and give an example.

A

A relationship in which two organisms live in close association.

ex. nitrogen fixing bacteria in plants

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26
Q

Define mutualism

A

A symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit from the relationship.

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27
Q

Define pasteurization

A

Process of heat treating products to kill bacteria. High temperature for short time and then low temperature to “retard” growth.

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28
Q

How can freezing affect bacterial growth?

A

Reduces bacterial activity to zero by limiting amount of liquid H2O available for metabolism.

Food exposed can become “freezer burnt”

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29
Q

How can refrigeration affect bacterial growth?

A

Reduces activity but does not stop it. Limited time before food spoils.

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30
Q

How can dehydration of food affect bacterial growth?

A

Removal of H2O from food limitis metabolic activity. Bacteria can form spores that will survive.

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31
Q

Define antigen

A

Foreign proteins that act as recognition factor

32
Q

Define antibody

A

Special protein that is specific for each antigen, attaches to antigen and allows white blood cells to destroy the foreign particle.

33
Q

Define inherited immunity

A

Immunity that is present in an individual from birth.

Also called “species immunity”

34
Q

Define acquired immunity

A

Immunity that is developed throughout an individual’s life

35
Q

Active immunity vs Passive immunity

A

active: an individual makes the required antibodies to fight the disease
passive: antibodies are introduced directly to person

36
Q

Naturally acquired active immunity
vs
Artificially acquired active immunity

A

naturally: antibodies that remain after recovering from disease
artificially: antibodies produced from receiving vaccination

37
Q

Naturally acquired passive immunity
vs
Artificially acquired passive immunity

A

naturally: lasts less than a year (found in new born babies from mother’s milk)
artificially: injection of antibodies into a person, only lasts several weeks (used for people who need immediate protection)

38
Q

What is pus?

A

mixture of destroyed pathogens, leucocytes (white blood cells), and blood serum

39
Q

What is the role of skin, sweat, and mucus?

A

SKIN - physical barrier, prevents micro-organism from entering body.
SWEAT - contains salt that makes environment unsuitable for bacteria
MUCUS - physically traps bacteria

40
Q

Define vaccine and toxoid

A

VACCINE - dead or weakened micro-organisms/toxins

TOXOID - vaccine consists of weakened toxins

41
Q

Difference between disinfectant and antiseptic?

A

DISINFECTANT - chemical that kills micro-organisms on contact and CANNOT be used on skin.
ANTISEPTIC - slows down the growth of micro-organisms, can be used on human flesh

42
Q

What is bioassay?

A

Procedure used to test effectiveness of antibiotic. Area is streaked w/ micro-organisms, and then paper discs soaked in antibiotic are placed on the plate.

43
Q

What is a broad spectrum antibiotic?

A

An antibiotic that is effective on a large # of bacteria w/ few side effects.

44
Q

What is the Germ Theory of Disease?

A
  1. agent of disease must be present in cases of ALL diseases
  2. agent of disease can be isolated and grown in pure culture
  3. disease can be reproduced by inoculating the pure culture into a healthy host
  4. agent of disease can be re-isolated from the infected animal
45
Q

What are some indirect evidence of viruses?

A

Clear spots/no growth (plaques)

bursted/ruptured bacteria (lysis)

46
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses?

A
  • non cellular
  • do not respire
  • do not respond to stimuli
  • do not grow
  • reproduce only within living organisms
47
Q

What is direct evidence of viruses?

A

electron microscope

48
Q

What’s the lytic cycle?

A

process of virus reproduction breaks host cell

49
Q

What’s the lysogenic cycle?

A

process of virus reproduction where the viral DNA is injected into host cell DNA, mitosis, etc, yu know

50
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

White blood cells. They eat viral particles.

51
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

there’s a specific antibody for each type of virus, attaches onto virus particle’s antigens so it cannot rape (penetrate) other cells. also acts as markers for T cells to destroy them

52
Q

What is interferon?

A

Anti-viral protein for cell. Cell cannot duplicate virus, therefore virus is trapped in cell, genetic material cannot be passed on.

53
Q

What’s virulence

A

Ability to cause the lytic cycle (destroy cell through reproduction)

54
Q

What is specificity

A

each virus is specific for one type cell, chooses the type of cell it invade

55
Q

What are the characteristic of bacteria?

A
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • unicellular
  • most heterotrophic
  • asexual
  • bound by cell wall
56
Q

What are the different structures of bacteria

A
  • bacillus (rod)
  • Coccus (spherical)
  • spirillium (curved)
57
Q

What’s a flagellum?

A

whip like structure that allows cellular stuff to move

58
Q

What are pili?

A

hair like structures on the bacteria (like cilia)

59
Q

What’s another word for pili?

A

fimbrae

60
Q

What are neutrophils?

A

they’re part of your immune system, scans blood and tissues for foreign proteins

61
Q

What are eosinophils?

A

they target larger parasites like worms

62
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

White blood cells that elevate metabolic rate in area to produce local fever

63
Q

What are the two types of immune responses?

A

humoral (Bone cells produce & release specific antibodies into blood stream) and cell mediated (T cells attacking pathogen)

64
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

Bone cells and Thymus cells.

65
Q

What are immunoglobins?

A

antibodies (in blood)

66
Q

What are the classifications of protists?

A

Animal/plant/fungal like, dinoflagellates, sporozoans, euglenoids, ciliates, amoeboids, diatoms

67
Q

What are the key features of an animal like protist?

A
  • bring food into cells (ingest) and then digests it

e. g. protozoa

68
Q

What are the key features of plant like protists?

A

photosynthesis
includes most of the unicellular, colonial and multicellular algae

e.g. euglena

69
Q

What are the key features of fungal like protists?

A
  • use extracellular digestion (secrete enzymes onto food source, digest it, absorb digested products)
    e. g. water and slime molds
70
Q

Features of dinoflagellates?

A
  • photosynthetic
  • major component oh phytoplankton

e.g. causes red tide

71
Q

Features of sporozoans?

A
  • forms spores at stage life cycle
  • other stage moves by flagella

e.g. plasmodium

72
Q

Features of euglenoid?

A
  • combine auto and heterotrophic character
  • moves by flagellum
  • shows that protists are hard to classify
73
Q

Features of ciliates?

A
  • complex protozoans
  • high degree of intracellular specialization
  • body systems like animals
  • reproduce sexually by conjugation
74
Q

Features of amoeboids?

A

-move by pseudopods w/ cytoplasmic streamings

basically amoebas

75
Q

Features of diatoms?

A
  • classified as “golden -brown algae”
  • glass like cell walls
  • large part of water plankton

Biology (5 decks)

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