Genetics Unit Review

Question 1

Heredity

Answer 1

Describes how some traits are passed on.

Question 2

Alleles

Answer 2

Alleles are different versions of the same gene.
Ex) you inherit one allele for blue eyes and another for brown eyes, together they determine the colour of your eyes as they are the same gene but are different versions.

Question 3

Law of Dominance

Answer 3

When different alleles for a characteristic are inherited, only one will be expressed (the dominant one).

Question 4

Law of Independent Assortment

Answer 4

When alleles of two or more different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another.

Question 5

Sex Linkage

Answer 5

Genes located on the X chromosome are inherited with that X.

Question 6

Gene Flow

Answer 6

is the process of genes being transferred from one population to another.

Question 7

Chromosomal Abnormalities

Answer 7

Numerical abnormalities- are whole chromosomes either missing or extra to the normal pair.

Structural abnormalities- are when part of an individual chromosome is missing, extra, switched to another chromosome, or turned upside down.

Question 8

Chargaff’s Rule

Answer 8

Shows that in natural DNA, the number of guanine (G) units equals the number of cytosine (C) units and the number of adenine (A) units equals the number of thymine (T) units.

Question 9

DNA Replication

Answer 9

-Happens in the cell’s nucleus.
-Makes an exact copy of the original DNA molecule.
-C matches with G (or G with C)
-A matches with T (or T with A)

Question 10

Condon/Anticodon

Answer 10

Codon = Found in mRNA, tells which amino acid to add. It transfers genetic information from the nucleus to the ribosomes.

Anticodon = Found in tRNA, pairs with the codon to bring the right amino acid.

Question 11

Genetics

Answer 11

is the study of heredity, the process in which a parent passes certain genes onto their children.

Question 12

Traits (Dominant vs Recessive)

Answer 12

Dominant- one allele will cover over the other allele for a particular trait and will be passed onto the offspring (trait that shows).

Recessive- alleles only show up when two copies of the recessive allele are inherited.

Question 13

Law of Segregation

Answer 13

Parents pass only one of their two gene copies to their children, chosen at random. (ex. eye colour)

Question 14

Phenotype vs Genotype

Answer 14

Genotype- the instructions coded in your DNA that you inherited from your parents.

Phenotype- This is the actual result of those instructions—how your traits show up physically or behaviorally. Ex) includes things like your eye color, height, or even how you respond to certain environments.

Question 15

Multiple Alleles

Answer 15

3 or more allele of the same gene that code for a single trait. ( there are many “options” for a gene, but you only get one of them.)

Question 16

Genetic Drift

Answer 16

It changes the frequency of genes (or alleles) in a small population over time, there is a chance of disappearance of particular genes as individuals die or do not reproduce.

Question 17

Karyotypes

Answer 17

A picture of a person’s chromosomes.

Question 18

Amino Acids

Answer 18

the building blocks of proteins, which are essential for carrying out the instructions in genetic material (DNA).

Question 19

Transcription

Answer 19

1. Making the message: the DNA nucleotide sequence is copied from DNA to mRNA.

2.mRNA message is complete: mRNA carries message and leave the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.

Question 20

Translation

Answer 20

-Message from mRNA is translated to a specific protein.
-tRNA looks for a specific amino acid in the cytoplasm that it can take to the ribosome to join with a certain codon, finding other amino acids to form protein.
-tRNA then is free to find more of the same amino acid to make protein.

Question 21

Mutation

Answer 21

A change in the DNA sequence of a living organism.

Types:
Duplication- addition of gene
Deletion- loss of gene
Inversion- rotation of a gorup of genes within one chromosome
Translocation- Exchange of parts between chromosomes of different pairs

Question 22

Gene

Answer 22

are small sections of DNA that are coded for specific traits.

Question 23

Heterozygous

Answer 23

two alleles in the gene are different

Question 24

Homozygous

Answer 24

two alleles in the gene are the same

Question 25

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 25

When one allele is not completely dominant over another. EX) crossing a red flower with a white flower and ending up with a pink flower

Question 26

Codominance

Answer 26

When both alleles show up in the offspring. Ex) a black rooster and white chicken mate. They produce all offspring that are black and white spotted.

Question 27

Meiosis

Answer 27

cell division in reproductive cells. It is a two-phase process that divides the chromosome of a diploid germ cell, generating four haploid gametes.

Question 28

DNA vs RNA

Answer 28

-RNA has ribose sugar while DNA has deoxyribose sugar. -RNA has uracil while DNA has thymine. -RNA is single stranded while DNA is double stranded. -RNA can leave the nucleus (carries the message) while DNA can't leave the nucleus.

Question 29

Nucleotides

Answer 29

The basic building blocks of DNA and RNA that contain a sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base. It is the molecules that store and transfer genetic information in living things. Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

Question 30

Epigenetics

Answer 30

is like a "control system" for your DNA. It involves changes that affect how your genes work without changing the actual DNA sequence. (describes passing on the way genes are used)

Question 31

Gregory Mendel

Answer 31

Credited for the Mendelian Inheritance which is the simple inheritance of dominant and recessive genes.

Question 32

Johannes Friedrich Mischer

Answer 32

credited with the discovery of nucleic acids which is now referred to as DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

Question 33

Erwin Chargaff

Answer 33

found that in DNA, the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are equal.

Question 34

Rosalind Franklin

Answer 34

revealed the double helix of DNA

Question 35

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer 35

Their joined work led to the identification of the structure of DNA.

Question 36

What are the P1, F1, and F2 generations?

Answer 36

P1 Generation (parental generation)- The first set of parents in a breeding experiment. These are the original individuals with specific traits that are being studied. F1 Generation (First Filial Generation): The offspring of the P1 generation. F2 Generation (Second Filial Generation): The offspring of the F1 generation.

Question 37

Gene Mutations: Point mutation, frameshift mutations

Answer 37

Point Mutation- is a small change in the DNA sequence where a single building block (called a nucleotide) is altered. DNA is like a long string of letters (A, T, C, G), and a point mutation changes just one of those letters. Frameshift- is like a typo in the genetic instructions of a cell. It happens when DNA loses or gains one or more "letters" (bases), which shifts the way the cell reads the genetic code.

Question 38

What is a trisomy/monosomy? What were some the chromosomal abnormalities we discussed?(Turners syndrome, Down syndrome, etc.)

Answer 38

Trisomy means having an extra copy of a chromosome. -Down syndrome is a condition that happens when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21.This extra chromosome affects how the body and brain develop, which can lead to differences in learning, growth, and physical traits. Monosomy means having a missing copy of a chromosome. -Turner syndrome is a condition that affects only females and happens when one of their X chromosomes is missing or incomplete. There can be changes in height, delayed puberty,

Question 39

what is DNA composed of? what nucleotides are paired up with each other?

Answer 39

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is like a twisted ladder made of: Sugar and Phosphate Backbone: The sides of the ladder. Nitrogenous Bases: The "rungs" of the ladder are made of four chemical bases: Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G) The bases pair up in a specific way: Adenine (A) pairs with Thymine (T). Cytosine (C) pairs with Guanine (G).

Question 40

what is dna replication? how is polymerase, primate, and helicase and ligase involved?

Answer 40

DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before dividing. Helicase: Unzips the DNA strand. Polymerase: The builder replicates the DNA to build a new strand. Primase: The initializer that makes the primer fot the polymerase. Ligase: Helps glue DNA fragments together.

Question 41

What is RNA? mRNA? tRNA?

Answer 41

RNA: is a molecule in living things that helps turn instructions in DNA into proteins, which do most of the work in cells. You can think of RNA as a messenger or helper. mRNA: messenger RNA tRNA: transfer RNA (transfers message)