genitourinary system Flashcards
(32 cards)
1
Q
label the urinary system
A
2
Q
what is the function of the kidneys ?
A
- Excretes most of waste products of metabolism
- Controls water and electrolyte balance of body
- Maintains acid-base balance of body
- Secretes hormones and renin into the blood stream
- Kidneys filter approx. 113 to 144 pints of blood every hour
- Filters all blood 400 times a day
- Blood flow higher than in heart!
3
Q
describe the location of the kidneys
A
- Primary retroperitoneal organs
- The left kidney is situated higher than right. as right kidney is pressed down by the diaphragm
- Superior pole of left kidney: 11th and 12th rib
- Superior pole of right kidney 12th rib
- They are located between T12 – L3 vertebrae
- As the diaphragm contracts during respiration the kidneys move down
4
Q
how are the kidneys developed ?
A
- Kidneys originally develop in the pelvis
- and Ascends into abdomen
- Maldevelopment can result in ectopic kidney where kidney is in the pelvis - Often normal structure and function
- however Malposition of ureters, predisposes them to obstruction - Hydronephrosis
5
Q
label the internal anatomy of the kidney
A
6
Q
describe the ureter
A
- Long muscular tube (25 – 30 cm)
- Transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder through peristaltic contractions
- Begins as a continuation of renal pelvis and runs to the bladder
7
Q
describe the course of the ureter
A
8
Q
describe the bladder
A
- Reservoir for urine
- Distensible: hold up to 1 L
- Located posterior to pubic symphysis
- Size, shape and position can vary
- When full the bladder can extend into abdominal cavity
- Walls formed by detrusor muscle
- contracts to expel urine from bladder into urethra.
9
Q
label the outside and inside of the bladder
A
10
Q
describe and label the urethra in females
A
- Transports urine
- 4 cm (length) and 6 mm(diameter) tube
- Extendsfrom internal urethra * meatus to external urethralmeatus
*Anterior to vaginal cavity
11
Q
describe and label the urethra in males
A
- Much longer than female 20cm
- Expels urine and semen via external urethral meatus
- 3 parts (prostatic, membranous, spongy)
*Bends twice (flaccid penis)
12
Q
label the female reproductive system
A
13
Q
label the gonads (ovaries)
A
14
Q
describe and label the uterine tube
A
- Passageway from ovaries to uterus (passage of ovum)
- Inner wall contains cilia to propel ovum
15
Q
describe and label the uterus
A
- Hollow, pear-shaped muscular (smooth muscle) organ that protects and nourishes a developing foetus
- Three layered wall
- Perimetrium – outer serous wall covering the uterus
- Myometrium – thick muscular layer, responsible for process of parturition
- Endometrium – inner mucous layer; site of implantation; thickness changes through menstrual cycle
16
Q
label the cervix
A
17
Q
label and describe the vagina
A
- Canal for menstruation
- Receives penis during copulation (semen)
- Birth canal
- Distensible fibromuscular tube
- Area of vaginal lumen (surrounding cervix) divided into 4 parts:
Anterior, posterior and left and right lateral fornices
18
Q
describe and label the anteversion and anteflexion angles
A
- Anteflexion: The axis of the body of the uterus is bent forward with the long axis of the cervix
- Anteversion: The axis of the of the cervix is bent forward on the long axis of the vagina
19
Q
label the biological female anatomical relations
A
20
Q
describe and label the clitoris
A
- Multiplanar structure
- Sexual pleasure and potential * role in conception (Levin, 2022)
21
Q
label the external female genitalia
A
22
Q
label the male reproductive system
A
23
Q
describe the scrotum
A
- A cutaneous sac consisting of skin and fascia
- Contains the left and right testes and spermatic cord separated by a septum
- Gonads are externalised from the abdominopelvic cavity to ensure cooler environment and allow for temperature regulation
24
Q
describe and label the testes
A
- Paired ovid shaped gonads that are suspended in the scrotum by the spermatic cord
- Testes are surrounding by multiple musculofascial layers and encased in a thick capsule
- Contraction of muscular layer surrounding testes brings then closer to the body to reduce heat loss
- Spermatozoa are produced in seminiferous tubules and then pass into epididymis
- Androgens (testosterone) produced in Leydig cells
25
describe and label the epididymis
* Elongated (comma shaped) structures
* Formed of a long-coiled tube
* Receives spermatozoa from testes
* Functions to stores and mature spermatozoa
26
describe and label the vas deferens
* Receives mature sperm from the tail of the epididymis
* Passes in the spermatic cord
* Passes through abdominal wall (inguinal canal) to enter pelvic cavity
* Passes over the roof of the bladder
* Joins duct of seminal vesicles
27
describe and label the ejaculatory tract
* Duct of seminal vesicle joins ductus / vas deferens to form ejaculatory duct
* Ejaculatory duct transports semen into the prostatic urethra.
28
label the accessory reproductive glands
29
label the anatomy of the penis
* Outlet for semen and urine
* Consists of three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue
* Two paired corpora cavernosa
Arises from the left and right crus (crura pleural)
* Single corpus spongiosum
Contains spongy urethra
* Expands distally as glans
* Expands proximally as bulb
30
label the penis pt 2
31
how is sex determined ?
* Determined Biologically
Chromosomes (X and Y)
* XX Female
* XY Male
* Genes (e.g. SRY: Determination of Y gene)
* Hormones
* Foetal developmental structures:
* Mesonephric (Wolffian) ducts:
* epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, seminal vesicle
* Paramesonephric (Mullerian) ducts
* Uterine tube, uterus, cervix, (upper vagina)
32
what does intersex mean ?
* Disorders of sexual development
* Formerly known as true or pseudohermaphroditism
* Chromosomal abnormalities
* Ambiguous genitalia
* Phenotypic sex anomalies
* True intersex states
