Genome Structure, Architecture, and Variations

Question 1

The total set of RNA transcripts and their covalent modifications that occur within a given type of cell at a specific time and stage of development is called a
A. genome
B. metabolome
C. microbiome
D. proteome
E. transcriptome

Answer 1

E. transcriptome

Question 2

The study of the genomes of microorganisms that colonize our body surfaces is called

Answer 2

metagenomics

Question 3

Which type of repetitive sequence is liekly to represent ancient autonomous retrotransposons?

Answer 3

LINEs

Question 4

Which ones of hte following is present at the highest precentage in tehe human genomes?
A. Centromeric sequences
B. Long-interspersed elements (LINEs)
C. Non-coding sequences
D. Repetitive DNA
E. Ribosomal RNA genes

Answer 4

C. Non-coding sequences

Question 5

When the homologous genes are from the same biological species, what are they called?
When the homologous genes are from different species, what are they called?

Answer 5

When the homologous genes are from the same biological species, they are called paralogs.
When the homologous genes are from different species, they are called orthologs.

orthologs = other

Question 6

Homologous genes from HOXA and HOXB gene clusters are
A. orthologs
B. paralogs

Answer 6

B. paralogs

Question 7

The beta-globin gene clusters from human and mice are
A. orthologs
B. paralogs

Answer 7

A. orthologs

Question 8

A gene encoding a protein that helps activate another gene during fetal development is most liekly to contain a(n)
A. ATP-blind cassette
B. DNA-binding sequence motif
C. hydrophobic region sequence motif
D. palindromic sequences

Answer 8

B. DNA-binding sequence motif

Question 9

A gene encoding a protein repsonsible for transporting cholride ion across the plasma membrane against a concentration gradient is most likely to have which one of the following combinations of sequence motifs?
A. ATP-binding cassette and DNA binding sequence motif
B. ATP-binding cassette and hydrophobic region sequence motif
C. Ribosome-binding and DNA-binding sequence motifs
D. Ribosome-binding and hydrophobic region sequence motifs

Answer 9

B. ATP-binding cassette and hydrophobic region sequence motif

Question 10

Bioinformatic analysis of a gene shows that its exons code for 6 hydrophobic protein domains, 2 hydrophilic amino protein domains, and that one of the hydrophilic domains contains an ATP-binding domain. Which one of the following proposed functions of the protein product is most consistent with the bioinformatic analysis?
A. It is a cytoplasmic enzyme
B. It is a secreted serum protein
C. It is a transcipriton regulator
D. It is a tRNA gene
E. It is a transmembrane active transport protein

Answer 10

E. It is a transmembrane active transport protein

Question 11

Chromosomal regions, often a few hundred kb in length, that are repeated in a dispersed fashion on the same or different chromosomes are called…
A. balanced translocations
B. DNA transposons
C. microsatellites
D. minisatellites
E. segmental duplications

Answer 11

E. segmental duplications

Question 12

Regionas of the genome that are gene rich also have….

Answer 12

a high GC content

Question 13

In G-banding, the non-centromeric dark bands represent
A. alpha-satellite repeats
B. AT-rich regions of hte chromatin
C. euchromatin
D. GC-rich regions of the chromatin
E. gene-rich regionas of the chromosome

Answer 13

B. AT-rich regions of hte chromatin

Question 14

What are the acrocentric chromosomes?

Answer 14

13, 14, 15, 21, 22

Question 15

A mutation resulting in an amino acid residue in a peptide being replaced by another amino acid residue that is similar in chemical property is called a

Answer 15

conservative substitution

Question 16

When a pyrimidine is replaced by a purine, or when a purine is replaced by a pyrimidine, it is called a…

pyrimidine = thymine & cytosine
purine = adenine & guanine

Answer 16

transversion

Question 17

When a pyrimidine (C, T) is replaced by another pyrimidine, or when a purine (A, G) is replaced by another purine, it is called a…

Answer 17

transition

Question 18

Which of the following mutations would be LEAST likely to result in a faulty protein?
A. A mutation in the splice site for an intron
B. A nonsense mutation is a codon near the amino terminal
C. A single base change in a codon near the amino terminal such taht leucine is substituted for isoleucine
D. Deletion of two bases from the codon near the amino terminal
E. Insertion of a single base in a codon near the amino terminal

Answer 18

D. Deletion of two bases from the codon near the amino terminal

Question 19

Which one of the following types of polymorphisms is the most abundant in the human genome?
A. Chromosomal polymorphism (e.g. 9qh)
B. Microsatellite repeat polymorphism
C. Restriction fragment length polymorphism
D. Single nucleotide polymorphism
E. Variable number of tandem repeats polymorphism (VNTR)

Answer 19

D. Single nucleotide polymorphism

Question 20

Which one of the following is a disadvantage in using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) as genetic markers in research?
A. Automation in SNP genotyping
B. Heterozygosity rate at a SNP locus is usually less than 50%
C. High density of SNP loci in the genome
D. Relative stability of SNP during meiosis
E. SNPs are present in coding and non-coding sequences

Answer 20

B. Heterozygosity rate at a SNP locus is usually less than 50%