GENPHYD FINAL EXAMS Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
bean-shaped organs located just above the waist between the peritoneum and the posterior wall of the abdomen
A
kidneys
2
Q
True or false, the kidneys are protected by the eleventh and 12th pairs of ribs
A
True
3
Q
How long is the ureter
A
25cm
4
Q
How long is the urethra of women and men
A
4cm -F
24cm- M
5
Q
What is the indented area of each kidney?
A
Hilum
6
Q
main function is filtration to form urine
A
cortex
7
Q
its main function is to collect and excrete urine
A
medulla
8
Q
this consists of 8-18 conical subdivisions within the medulla that contain the kidney’s secreting apparatus and tubules
A
renal pyramids
9
Q
part of the kidneys that is composed of lines of blood vessels
A
renal columns
10
Q
the location where the medullary pyramids empty urine into cuplike structures
A
renal papilla
11
Q
cuplike structures in the kidney
A
minor and major calyces
12
Q
from the major calyces, urine drains into a single large cavity called?
A
renal pelvis
13
Q
this transports urine from the renal pelvis of the kidneys to the bladder
A
ureters
14
Q
capacity of the urinary bladder
A
700-800mL
15
Q
the act of emptying the bladder
A
micturition or urination
16
Q
small tube leading from the internal urethral orifice in the bladder floor to the exterior
A
urethra
17
Q
in the hilum, where does the renal artery and vein pass?
A
parenchyma
18
Q
functional unit of the kidney
A
nephron
19
Q
A
20
Q
Bowman’s capsule; a double walled epithelial cup that surrounds the glomular capillarise
A
glomerular capsule
21
Q
the layer of Bowman’s capsule that is made up of modified squamous epithelial cells
A
visceral layer
22
Q
epithelium of the visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle which acts as a filtration membrane
A
festrations
23
Q
the space between the two layers of the glomerular capsule
A
Bowman’s space
24
Q
three main sections of the renal tubule
A
PCT
loop of henle
DCT
25
DCT of several nephrons empty into a?
collecting duct > papillary ducts
26
what is the first part of the loop of Henle
descending limb
27
make up about 80-85% of the 1M microscopic nephrons that comprise each kidney
cortical nephrons
28
the other 15-20% of the nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons
29
nephrons with long loops receive their blood supply from?
vasa recta
30
crowded columnar tubule cells
macula densa
31
the wall of the afferent arteriole containing modified smooth muscle fibers
juxtaglomerular cells
32
this helps regulate blood pressure within the kidneys
juxtaglomerular apparatus
33
pressure forces filtration of waste-laden blood in the glomerulus
glomerular filtration
34
the process of returning important substances from the filtrate back to the body
tubular reabsorption
35
the movement of waste materials from the body to the filtrate
tubular secretion
36
forces that control filtration
starling forces
37
the main force that pushes water and solutes through the filtration membrane
blood hydrostatic pressure
(55mmHg)
38
the force exerted against the filtration membrane by fluid in the capsular space
capsular hydrostatic pressure
(15mmHg)
39
the pressure of plasma proteins pulling on water
blood osmotic pressure
(30mmHg)
40
net filtration pressure
10 mmHg
41
occurs when the kidneys themselves regulate GFR
renal autoregulation
42
occurs when the ANS regulates renal blood flow and GFR
neural regulation
43
involves angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic peptide
hormonal regulation
44
two hormones that contribute to the regulation of GFR
angiotensin II
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
45
a potent vasoconstrictor of both afferent and efferent arterioles
angiotensin II
46
causes the glomerulus to relax, increasing the surface area for filtration
atrial natriuretic peptide
47
the process of returning important substances from the filtrate back into the body
tubular reabsorption
48
a passive process that occurs between adjacent tubule cells
paracellular reabsorption
49
movement through an individual cell
transcellular reabsorption
50
the process by which a progressively increasing osmotic gradient is formed in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of countercurrent flow
countercurrent multiplication
51
the process by which solutes and water are passively exchanged between the blood of the vasa recta and interstitial fluid of the renal medulla as a result of countercurrent flow
countercurrent exchange
52
occurs when its is obliged to follow the solutes as they are reabsorbed
obligatory reabsorption of water
53
describes variable water reabsorption, adapted to specific needs
facultative reabsorption
54
movement of substances from the capillaries which surround the nephron into the filtrate
tubular secretion
55
give the five hormones that affect the extent of Na+, Cl–, Ca2+, and water reabsorption as well as K+ secretion by the renal tubules
angiotensin II
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
56
clips off a 10-amino-acid peptide called angiotensin I from angiotensinogen
renin
57
converts angiotensin I to II
angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
58
stimulates the principal cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb more Na+ and Cl– and secrete more K+
aldosterone
59
analyzes the physical, chemical and microscopic properties of urine
urinalysis
60
two common blood tests done clinically to assess the adequacy of renal function
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test
serum creatinine test
61
most extracellular fluid found between the cells of the body
interstitial fluid
62
fluid found as blood plasma like CSF, synovial fluid etc etc
intravascular fluid space
63
who has more fluid
men 60%
64
normal fluid intake is through?
1. ingestion of liquids and moist foods (2300mL/day)
2. metabolic synthesis of water (200mL/day)
65
normal fluid loss is through?
1. the kidneys (1500mL/day)
2. evaporation from the skin (600mL/day)
3. exhalation from the lungs (300mL/day)
4. in the feces (100mL/day)
66
the kidneys excrete excess water through?
dilute urine
67
the kidneys excrete electrolytes through?
concentrated urine
68
what hormones promote urinary reabsorption when dehydrated
angiotensin II
aldosterone
69
what hormone promotes excretion to decrease blood volume
ANP
70
fluid balance is regulated y what hormones
angiotensin II
aldosterone
ANP
71
what hormone directly regulates water loss in the kidneys
ADH
72
what forms when electrolytes dissolve and dissociate
ions
73
4 general functions of ions
osmosis
acid-base balance
electrical current
cofactors
74
used to measure the number of electrolytes
milliequivalent (mEq)
75
osmotic pressure exerted by proteins on either side of the capillary membrane is called?
oncotic pressure
76
compares the forces at the arterial end of capillary with those at the venous end
starling equation
77
occurs when excess interstitial fluid collects, causes swelling in the tissues
edema
78
this is a major homeostatic challenge that keeps the body fluids at an appropriate level
pH
79
acts quickly to temporarily bind excess H+ or OH-
buffer system
80
how is pH corrected
through breathing
81
hypoventilation
respiratory acidosis
82
hyperventilation
respiratory alkalosis
83
non-respiratory acid accumulates
metabolic acidosis
84
non-respiratory acid lost
metabolic alkalosis
85
the medical specialty that treats disorders and diseases of the male reproductive system
urology
86
the medical specialty that treats disorders and diseases of the female reproductive system
gynecology
87
focuses on the care of women during pregnancy
obstetrics
88
site for gamete production and hormone secretion
gonads
89
the structures of reproduction
genitals
90
ducts of the male reproductive system
vas deferens
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
91
male reproductive glands
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
92
supporting structure of the testes
scrotum
93
supportive structure that ascends out of the scrotum
spermatic cord
94
a passageway in the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles where the spermatic cord and inguinal nerve passes through
inguinal canal
95
compartments in each testes
lobules
96
where is sperm produced
seminiferous tubules
97
what is secreted at puberty that leads to development of male secondary sexual characteristics
testosterone
98
what cells do FSH stimulate
Sertoli cells
99
what cells do LH stimulate
Leydig cells
100
what do Sertoli cells release; a hormone that inhibits FSH
inhibin
101
cap-like vesicle that help sperm penetrate
acrosome
102
what does the middle part of the cell contain
mitochondria
103
secretes a viscous, alkaline fluid which makes up 60% of the total volume
seminal vesicles
104
chestnut-sized, donut-shaped gland that secretes about 25% of ejaculate volume
prostate
105
pea-sized gland inferior to the prostate
bulbourethral gland
106
mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
semen
107
volume of semen
2.5-5 mL
50-150 million sperm per mL
108
passageway for semen and urine
penis
109
cylindrical masses of fibrous tissue that surrounds the penis
tunica albuginea
110
two dorsolateral masses
corpora cavernosa
corpus spongiosum
111
sexual stimulation fibers that initiate and maintain an erection
sacral parasympathetic fibers
112
female reproductive system
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
vulva
113
site for female fertilization
uterine tubes
114
major support for the uterus
broad ligament
115
pear shaped organ situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum
uterus
116
dome shaped superior portion of the uterus
fundus
117
inferior most uterus that opens into the vagina through the cervical canal
cervix
118
the interior of the body of the uterus
uterine cavity
119
fibromuscular canal lined with mucous membrane that extends from the exterior of the body to the uterine cervix
vagina
120
denotes the diamond shaped area medial to the thighs and buttocks
perineum
121
modified sudoriferous glands that produce milk
mammary glands
122
formation of gametes in the ovaries
oogenesis
123
hormone responsible for the presence of secondary sex characteristics (women)
estrogen
124
principal hormone responsible for maturation of the uterine endometrium , and breast development
progesterone
125
hormone released by the corpus luteum; it relaxes the myometrium and the pubic symphysis at the end of pregnancy
relaxinin
126
hormone is released by granulosa cells
inhibin
127
enlargement of the prostate gland in the absence of cancer
benign prostatic hypertrophy
128
the inability to maintain erection long enough
impotence
129
absence of mentruation
amenorrhea
130
unusual menstrual discomfort
dysmenorrhea
131
abnormal uterine bleeding in the absence of organic disease
dysfunctional uterine bleeding
132
indicates a mild distress near end of postovulatory phase
premenstrual syndrome
133
necessary for the rest of the sexual response, including ejaculation and erection
sympathetic stimulation
134
1° oocyte
two haploid (1n)
23 chromosomes
135
3° follicle
mature Graafian follicle
136
2° oocyte
the egg
137
a temporary structure essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy in females
corpus luteum
138
a new diploid cell
zygote
