gentics

Question 1

who came up with the idea of genes

Answer 1

Mendel and before him everyone thought that your genes would get split 50 50
ex. tall guy + small girl = medium kid

Question 2

steps of his experiment with pea plants

Answer 2

P1 -> F1 -> Self Fertilization ->F2

Question 3

P1

Answer 3

parental (P) (pure-breeding) = pure yellow
ex. blue eyes are pure both parents have to have them
(YY or yy)
(grandparents)

Question 4

F1

Answer 4

1. you will see 100% dominant
2. it will be hybrid between Yy but the dominant covers up the resscive
   ex. flashlight still goes on when the sun is out but it doesn’t do anything since the sun (dominant) is covering it up

Question 5

F2

Answer 5

75% will always look dominant 25% will always look recessive (3:1)
- use punnent square for this

Question 6

dominat

Answer 6

covers up recessive

Question 7

recessive

Answer 7

only shows up when dominant inst there

Question 8

allele

Answer 8

what variations there are
ex. variations in eye color are blue, green, brown

Question 9

Mendel 7 different traits that he studied

Answer 9

• seed or pea color = yellow/green
• flower color = purple/white
• seed pod color = green/yellow
• seed shape or texture = round/wrinkle
• seed pod shape = inflated/constricted
• stem length = tall/short
• flower position = axial(side)/ terminal(top end
  FIRST TRAITS ARE DOMINANT

Question 10

how would u. abbrevate homo purple/white
+
homo tall/short

Answer 10

PP pp

TT tt

Question 11

what has to happen for mendels study to work/start

Answer 11

both parents have to be pure breeds

Question 12

if you are a reccesive + reccesive can you turn dominant

Answer 12

• no you cant create a dominant from a recessive.
• dominat could have hidden recessive traits but recessive is only recessive
  ex. two blue eyed parents can’t create a brown eyed kid

Question 13

testcrossing

Answer 13

helps you figure out if you are a hyprid or a pure breed (firguers out what type of dominant u are ex. RR or Rr)
- only do this for complete dominance

Question 14

homozygus

Answer 14

two of the same either dominant or recessive

Question 15

homozygus dominant

Answer 15

two of the same letter that are both dominant RR

Question 16

homozygous recessive

Answer 16

two of the same letter that are both recessive rr

Question 17

heterozygous

Answer 17

dominant + recessive (hyprid) Rr

Question 18

phenotype

Answer 18

what you look like
ex.
- tall or short
- blonde or brunnete
- roll your tongue or not
- A blood, B blood or O blood

Question 19

genotype

Answer 19

genetic code

Question 20

do you need to do testcrossing if you are recessive

Answer 20

no bc you are only recessive

Question 21

explain the diagram for test crossing

Question 22

3 different dominance patterns

Answer 22

Complete Dominance
Incomplete Dominate
Co-dominant

Question 23

Explain Complete Dominance

Answer 23

the dominant allele trait complete covers up the recessive allele

F1 100% red and hyprid Rr
- eye color

Question 24

Incomplete Dominance

Answer 24

the dominant allele partially covers up the recessive (looks blended)

-genotype is the same is complete dominance but you interpt it differently
F1 100% hybrid Rr
100% pink
F2 1 red; 2 pink; 1 white
- ex sickles cell + pink flower
- - curly hair

Question 25

Co-dominant

Answer 25

mom = 100% A blood dad = 100% B blood me = 100% A blood + 100% B blood

Question 26

where to find what type of pattern it is

Answer 26

F1 generation

Question 27

equation that always multitrait crossing two hybrids ex. Yy Gg x Yy Gg

Answer 27

9 (dominant dominant) 3 (dominant recessive) 3 (recessive dominant) 1 (recessive recessive)

Question 28

how to foil with multitrait crossing that is purebred parents

Answer 28

- foil the P1 and P2 then combine those two to get F1 (f1 is always looks 100% dominant and hybrid) - times F1 x F1 and make a punnet square - it will equal too 9 (DD) 3(DR) 3(RD) 1(RR)

Question 29

how to foil multitrait crossing when the parents AREN'T purebred

Answer 29

there is no specific phases like P1 P1 or F1 F2 - you just figure out what the offspring of the two parents given is - foil the parents sepeartly -> put that into a punnet square

Question 30

after you foil AaTT from a non purebred parents what does that tell you

Answer 30

it says the possibility of gametes that would be made in their sperm or egg ex. AT aT

Question 31

polygenic

Answer 31

multiple genes for 1 phenotype (mutliple genes = 1 phenotype)

Question 32

ex of multiple alleles

Answer 32

Type of blood

Question 33

ex of polygenetic traits

Answer 33

skin color, height - phenotype can change (ex. in the sun you get tan)

Question 34

what is the recessive trait in blood type

Answer 34

O blood

Question 35

why is their a 50% chance of parents having a girl or a boy

Answer 35

-dad determines the gender bc half the sperm have a Y chromosomes which makes a boy and the other half is an X chromosome girls = XX boys = XY

Question 36

what are X and Y

Answer 36

chromosomes

Question 37

what does X links

Answer 37

disorder depends on the X chromosomes

Question 38

what parent does each gender get colorblindness from

Answer 38

- girls get it from their dad - boys get it from their mom

Question 39

why is it less likely for a women to be colorblind

Answer 39

bc they can cover up the colorblind trait XCXc and boys cant XcY

Question 40

Practice - cross XcY x XCXC - XCXc x XCY - XCXc x XcY - ABXCY x OOXCXc

Question 41

simple definitions of vocab words

Answer 41

testcross = figure out if you are homozygous dominant or hyprid multiple alleles = multiple alleles (vartitions/chocies (blood type)) give you one phenotype ploygenic traits = multiple genes (skin color) give you one phenotypes - you don't have 5 dif skin colors only 1

Question 42

ex of autosomal reccessive

Answer 42

- sickle cell anemia

Question 43

ex of autosomal dominant

Answer 43

marfan Syndrome (too tall)

Question 44

autosomal dominant vs. autosomal reccessive

Answer 44

the difference is that for the first one the dominant one is the disorder (one that hinders your life) and for the second one the reccessive trait is the disorder

Question 45

how do you figure out if it is autosomal dominant or autosomal reccessive

Answer 45

look at the heterozygours geneotype - disorder getting covered up? = reccessive - disorder showing? = dominant - If in every generation dominant bc it can't hid - not in every generation recessive bc it can hid

Question 46

Rules/things to remember about Pedigrees

Answer 46

1. O = female square = male 2. slash the shape out if the person is dead 3. every generation. needs to be numbered 4. horz line means marrage a vert line from the horz line is the kids they had in that specific marragie.

Question 47

real life example of incomplete dom co-dominace complete dominance

Answer 47

- incomplete = red + white flower = pink flower - co- dom mom 100% A blood + dad 100% B blood = me 100% A blood + 100% B blood - com-dom = tongue rolling (flower color in pea plants)

Question 48

what did greogry mendel find

Question 49

gene

Answer 49

A section of DNA that codes for a trait (e.g., flower color)

Question 50

when is there always a 1 D : 2 mixed/co : 1 recessive

Answer 50

incomplete domincance and co-dominance

Question 51

ex of X linked traits

Answer 51

colorblindness + hemophilia

Question 52

on a pedigree what is a double line

Answer 52

incest (brother + sister have a kid)

Question 53

if someone has no kids do you draw their spouse on a pedigree

Answer 53

no

Question 55

study tips

Answer 55

Always look at F1 to determine dominance. Use test crosses to identify unknown genotypes. Lean on Mendel’s Laws for questions. On tests, use proper terms (e.g., allele, genotype, hybrid).

Question 56

what is an ovi way of seeing if something is autosomoal recessive

Answer 56

two parents with out it and the kids have it (it is hidden in with parents

Question 57

what is an ovi way of seeing if something is autosomal dominant

Answer 57

if parents have it and all or some kids have it - it will be in every generation