Geochemistry Flashcards
1
Q
study of the nature and distribution of chemical elements in rocks and minerals; the application of
basic chemistry to earth sciences
A
Geochemistry
2
Q
GEOCHEMISTRY was first coined or used as a term by
A
Christian Friedrich Schonbein
3
Q
the first geochemist in the modern sense of the world
A
Frank W. Clarke
4
Q
Book of Frank W. Clarke
A
The data of geochemistry
5
Q
correlated the mineral formation and structure to its
chemical composition
A
Victor M. Goldschmidt
6
Q
Father of Modern and Crystal Chemistry
A
Victor M. Goldschmidt
7
Q
rock loving mineral
A
Lithophile
8
Q
ore loving mineral
A
Chalcophile
9
Q
iron loving mineral
A
Siderophile
10
Q
gas loving mineral
A
Atmophile
11
Q
a model of the evolution of the universe that
postulates its origin from a hot, dense mass that expanded rapidly and cooled
A
Bigbang Theory
12
Q
fundamental composition of Bigbang Theory
A
Quark soup
13
Q
is the energy of radiation produced at a specific wavelength when the universe was at temperatures
greater than about 3000oK
A
Cosmic Microwave Radiation
14
Q
spectral lines of light emitted by distant galaxies
A
Red shift
15
Q
“hierarchy of heavenly bodies”
A
➢Cluster of galaxies ➢Galaxies ➢Stars, pulsars, and black holes ➢Planets ➢Satellites ➢Comets ➢Asteroids ➢Meteoroids ➢Dust particles ➢Molecules ➢Atoms of H and He
16
Q
produced by contraction of interstellar gases resulting in increase in temperature; energy production by H fusion becomes possible and thus produces the star.
A
Main Sequence Stars
17
Q
high luminosity and high temperature stars
A
Blue Giant
18
Q
stars less massive than the sun
A
Red Dwarf
19
Q
bigger than the sun and is formed by depletion of H in the core during the main phase; the energy production shifted from the core to the outer shell.
A
Red Giant
20
Q
end stage of stellar evolution; contraction leads to the
increase in core temperature and eventually explodes to
form the supernova; the star cycle begins again
A
Pulsar, White Dwarf, Black Hole
21
Q
the theory that explains the complexation of material from the simple structure of H and deuterium
A
Nucleosynthesis
22
Q
diffuse mass of interstellar gas and dust.
A
Solar Nebula
23
Q
condensates accreted to form larger bodies as a result of selective adhesion caused by electrostatic and magnetic forces.
A
Planetisimal
24
Q
volatile-rich planetisimals composed of water,
ammonia, methane, and other volatiles
A
Cometisimal
25
chunks of rock from space that land on Earth
Meteorite
26
Minerals in meteorite
KPOP
Kamacite
Pyroxene
Olivine
Plagioclase
27
Bronzite is what group of mineral?
Pyroxene
28
Predominantly Ni-Fe alloys Minor amounts of other minerals such as troilite (FeS) Types classified according to % Ni:
Iron Meteorite
29
has Widmanstatten structure, exsolution feature formed by slow cooling
Octahedrite
30
Minerals found in Iron Meteorite
HAO
Hexahedrite
Ataxite
Octahedrite
31
Chiefly silicates, mostly ferromagnesian Up to 1/4 metallic Ni-Fe Types
Stone Meteorite
32
Contain chondrules
Chondrite
33
Most important chondrite
Carbonaceous Chondrite
34
- Have same composition as Sun's atmosphere
| - High content of volatiles
Chondrite
35
- Same composition as terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks
| - Most achondrites are breccias
Achondrite
36
Equal amounts of silicates and Ni-Fe
alloys Many are crystallized silicates which have been
brecciated, then invaded by metallic and sulfide melts
Stony Meteorite
37
no chondrules
Achondrite
38
Pallasite is what type of mineral?
Olivine
39
What minerals are found in Stony Meteorite?
Pallasite
| Mesosiderite
40
protons are _____ more massive than electrons.
1825 times
41
denotes any of the more than 1300 different atomic forms characterized by a distinct combination of protons and neutrons; only about 270 of which are stable
Nuclide
42
composed of positively charged protons and neutrons,
| particles of nearly equal mass but of zero charge
Nucleus
43
Elements of even atomic number are more abundant than those of odd atomic number on either side
Oddo-Harkins Rule
44
play the crucial role of overcoming
the repulsive forces between protons, thus binding
the nucleus to a tight structural unit
Neutron
45
refers to the number of proton in an atom of an element
Atomic Number
46
number of protons plus the number of neutrons
| in an atom of an element
Atomic Mass
47
the sum of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes weighted in accordance with their abundances
Atomic Weight
48
variation in atomic masses due to differences in the number neutrons of an element
Isotope
49
– nuclides having constant mass number but a different
| atomic number
Isotone
50
nuclides having the same atomic mass but different
| neutron number and atomic number
Isobar
51
a region surrounding the nucleus occupied by electrons
| having approximately the same energy.
Electron Shell
52
Charge deficiencies that result from the substitution of
ions of unequal charges must be compensated by a
second substitution involving an ion having a different
charge
Coupled Substitution
53
An alternative to coupled substitution in which ions
are attached on the charged surfaces of small ions;
usually displayed by the clay minerals.
Adsorption
54
This occurs when the minor element has the same
charge and a similar atomic radius as the major
element it is replacing
Camouflage
55
This takes place when a minor element enters a crystal preferentially because it has a higher ionic potential than the ions of the major element
Capture
56
This involves the entry of a foreign ion that has a lower ionic potential that the major ion because it has either a lower charge or a larger radius, or both; the extent to which ions are admitted into a particular lattice site
decreases as the difference in radii of competing ions increases
Admission
57
possesses lowest potential energy possible for the mineral
Stable
58
possesses the highest potential energy
Unstable
59
requires an energy hurdle to put in the most stable form or of
lower potential energy
Metastable
60
reveals or shows the ranges of stability in
| pressure-temperature space
Phase Diagram
61
areas representing the range of applied
| pressure and temperature in which a mineral may exist in its stable form
Stability Fields
62
the line separating the various stability
fields and defines a restricted set of circumstance under
which the separated phase coexist in equilibrium
Phase Boundary
63
energy required for transformation to take place and is represented by the height of the energy hurdle
Activation Energy
64
– concerned on the free energy changes
associated with chemical equilibrium between phases, and provides the tools for working out which mineral
assemblages will be stable under which conditions.
Thermodynamics
65
deals with the mechanics of the reactions that lead to equilibrium, and the rates at which they occur
Chemical Kinetics
66
– a part of the universe which we wish to confine attention or whose properties are under consideration; the system is separated from its surroundings by a boundary whose properties can be defined
System
67
– one that is free to exchange both matter and energy
| with the surroundings
Open System
68
– a part or parts of a system occupying a specific volume
| and having uniform physical and chemical characteristics which distinguishes it form all other parts of the system
Phase
69
one that is sealed with respect to the transfer of
| matter, but that can still exchange energies with its surroundings
Closed System
70
– comprise the minimum number of chemical species required to specify completely the compositions of all the phases present
Components
71
all parts of the system have the same temperature;
| there is no net transfer of heat
Thermal Equilibrium
72
one that is capable of exchanging neither mass or
| energy with its surroundings
Isolate System
73
– the diffusion rates of an element in and out of the
| crystal are unequal; there will be a net change of composition of each phase with time.
Disequilibrium
74
the distribution of components among the phases of
| a system has become constant, showing no net change with time
Chemical Equilibrium
75
for every element present the flux of atoms across the
| crystal boundary is the same in both directions resulting in zero net flow, and no change of composition in time
Equilibrium
76
a formula which expresses the number of phases that can coexist in mutual equilibrium in terms of the
number of components in the system
Phase Rule
77
An Al2SiO5 that forms at low temperature
Kyanite
78
means that the three phase equilibrium
| assemblage completely constrains the state of the system to a particular combination of P and T
Invariant
79
one degree of freedom indicates that the state of the
| system is only unconstrained in one direction which is along the phase boundary
Univariant
80
the pressure and the temperature can vary independently without upsetting the equilibrium phase
assemblage
Divariant
81
is the locus of temperatures below which a given
| substance is completely solid
Solidus
82
The temperature which partial melting starts
Solidus
83
The temperature above which a material is completely liquid
Liquidus
84
the point on a phase diagram where the maximum number of allowable phases are in equilibrium
Eutectic Point
85
- A phase that has a composition intermediate between two other phases.
Intermediate Compound
86
Temperature where crystallization occurs
Liquidus
87
The point on a phase diagram where a reaction takes place between a previously precipitated phase
and the liquid to produce a new solid phase
Peritectic Point
88
melting wherein a phase melts to a liquid with the same composition as the solid
Congruent Melting
89
are usually measured in percentage and are commonly above 1% of the chemical composition of the material
Major Elements
90
melting wherein a phase melts to a liquid with a composition different from the solid and produces a solid of different composition to the original solid.
Incongruent Melting
91
are elements that occur in such small concentrations that they do not change the essence of what a material is. usually < 0.1%
Trace Element
92
are everything in between. Technically, this means things between 1% and 0.1%.
Minor Element
93
Useful for rocks in mobile belts that are no longer recognizably in their original setting
Trace Element
94
ions that do not fit into the structure of the rock-forming minerals or minerals precipitating in the magma
Incompatible Elements
95
Are not necessarily primitive nor primary but
| where other magmas derived
Parental Magma
96
ions easily
| accommodated in the mineral structure.
Compatible Elements
97
are the first magma derived from primitive magma.
Primary Magma
98
magma derived from the mantle
Primitive Magma
99
mineral found in fertile unaltered magma
Lherzolite
100
mineral found in a most evolved magma
Dunite
101
separates the subalkaline from the alkaline fields at low P
Thermal Divide
102
What element is being consumed by plagioclase that results to a negative anomaly?
Europium
103
High concentration indicate a mantle source, limited fractionation
Cr, Ni, Co
104
Implies an enriched source or extensive liquid evolution
Zr, Hf
105
Found in subduction-related melts, typically low conc
Nb, Ta
106
Indicator of Pxn fractionation
Sc
107
Substitutes for Ca in plagioclase
Sr
108
Used to study melting and crystallization
Ru, Rh, Re. Pd, Pt, Os, Ir
109
Used in modeling source characteristics and liquid evolution
REE
110
Strongly partitioned in Garnet and Amp
Y
111
is a non-destructive analytical technique used to
| determine the elemental composition of materials
XRF
112
is the primary, non-destructive tool for identifying
| and quantifying the mineralogy of crystalline compounds in rocks
XRD
113
s a spectroanalytical procedure for the quantitative determination of chemical elements using the absorption of optical radiation (light) by free atoms in the gaseous state.
Atomic Absorption Spectometry
114
an analytical
| technique used for elemental determinations
Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
115
The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.
Half Life
