Petroleum Geology and Coal Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Include both the depression and the sediment
A
Basin
2
Q
Negative relief with respect to their surroundings
A
Basement
3
Q
Areas that receive a normal veneer of sediment over the basement
A
Platforms
or
Shelves
4
Q
Receive thinner than average sediment
A
Arches
5
Q
Moderate to high geothermal gradient
Typified by volcano-clastic reservoirs
A
Backarc Basin
6
Q
What type of tectonic margin is the Rift Basin?
A
Divergent margin
7
Q
deals with the mineralogical composition of rocks and pore-fluid chemistry
A
Chemistry (Geochemistry)
8
Q
List of all Backarc Basins in the Philippines
A
VSSCC
Visayan Basin Southeast Luzon Basin Cagayan Basin Cotabato Basin Sulu Sea Basin
9
Q
refers to the specific set of geological disciplines that deals with the study of origin, occurrence, movement, accumulation, and exploration of hydrocarbon fuels.
A
Petroleum Geology
10
Q
Insufficient trap size
High geothermal gradient
Inadequate development of source rocks
A
Rift Basin
11
Q
List of all Rift Basins in the Philippines
A
SNMR
Northwest Palawan Basin
Mindoro-Cuyo Platform
Southwest Palawan Basin
Reed Bank Basin
12
Q
What type of tectonic margin are the Backarc and Forearc basins?
A
Convergent Basins
13
Q
deals with the transformation of plants & animals into hydrocarbons and fossil life
A
Biology (Biochemistry, Paleontology)
14
Q
Limited hydrocarbon potential
Low geothermal gradient
Scarcity of good clastic reservoir
A
Forearc Basin
15
Q
List of all Forearc Basins in the Philippines
A
BAWWICE
Ilocos Trough Central Luzon Basin West Luzon Basin West Masbate-Iloilo Basin Agusan-Davao Basin Bicol Shelf East Palawan Basin
16
Q
deals with the structures involved in trapping and data gathering in wells
A
Physics (Geophysics)
17
Q
means oil and essentially made up of hydrocarbon compounds
A
Petroleum
18
Q
Solid form of Petroleum
A
Tar and Bitumen
19
Q
Oil with high sulfur content
A
Sour Crude Oil
20
Q
Gas form of Petroleum
A
Gas
21
Q
Oil with little sulfur content
A
Sweet Crude Oil
Matinloc & Cadlao Oil
22
Q
Hydrocarbon were derived from the geochemical conversion of organic matter and material in time through the agents of temperature and pressure
A
Organic Theory
23
Q
Liquid form of Petroleum
A
Crude Oil
24
Q
a concept that encompasses all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum geology
A
Petroleum System
25
sedimentary rock containing organic material, which under heat, time, and pressure was transformed to liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons
Source Rock
26
movement of generated hydrocarbons from the source rock to the reservoir rock in a trap through conduits
Migration
27
Elements of Petroleum System
```
Source Rock
Migration
Reservoir Rocks
Cap Rocks/Seal
Trap
Timing
```
28
any barrier to upward movement of oil and gas, allowing either or both to accumulate
Trap
29
an impervious or impermeable bed capping the reservoir rocks in a trap
Cap Rock/Seal
30
relationship between the time of trap formation and time of hydrocarbon generation and migration
Timing
31
refers solely to material composed of organic molecules in monomeric or polymeric form derived directly or indirectly from the organic part of organisms
Organic Material
32
Ultimate source of all organic matter was?
Atmospheric Conditions
33
It converts light energy to chemical energy by the transfer of hydrogen from water to carbon dioxide to produce organic matter in the form of glucose and oxygen.
Photosynthesis
34
any rock that has sufficient porosity and permeability to permit the storage and accumulation of crude oil or natural gas under adequate trap conditions, and to yield the hydrocarbons at satisfactory flow rate upon production
Reservoir Rock
35
primary producer of OM from Pre-Cambrian to Devonian
Marine Phytoplankton
36
4 MOST IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTORS OF OM IN SEDIMENTS
Phytoplanktons
Zooplanktons
Higher Plants
Bacteria
37
primary producer of OM from Devonian Onwards
Terrestrial Sources
38
Why is the Contribution from higher organized animals such as fishes is negligible
It might takes lots of time to completely bury high form of organized animals that decay may have occurred.
39
Present primary producer of OM
Both Marine Phytoplankton and Terrestrial Sources
40
Area where most OM are produced in
a. Terrestrial
b. Marine
Area where the least OM are produced in
c. Terrestrial
d. Marine
a. Forest
b. Estuaries Algal Reef Beds
c. Desert
d. Open Ocean
41
Why is Fine-grained sediments more favorable than coarse-grained sediments in the accumulation and preservation of OM?
Finer grained sediments will completely trap and will prevent the decay or breakdown of the OM
42
It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is insoluble in ordinary organic solvents.
Kerogen
43
It is the oil-like part of OM which is mobile
Bitumen
44
It is the organic material in sedimentary rocks which is soluble in ordinary organic solvents.
Bitumen
45
the most important to the petroleum geologist.
Kerogen
46
It is a product of the partial conversion of kerogen as a result of rising temperature and passing time
Bitumen
47
Kerogen Typing
Type I.
Type II.
Type III.
Type IV.
Type I. Algal kerogen or alginite
Type II. Formed from lipid components or exinite
Type III. Woody kerogen or vitrinite
Type IV. Eroded or reworked OM or inertinite
Type I. Oil prone
Type II. Oil and gas prone
Type III. Gas prone
Type IV. Only Gas
48
Derived largely from algal material or from OM enriched in lipids due to microbial alteration
Type 1
49
Derived from terrestrial higher plants and their parts including wood, cellulose, lignin, vitrinite and huminite
Type 3
50
Derived not only from algae but also other organisms like bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton and minor amounts of terrigenous OM like spores and pollen
Type 2
51
Coal is what type of Kerogen?
Type 3
52
Result of either oxidation of OM during deposition or degradation due to diagenetic transformation
Type 3
53
THE THREE MAIN STAGES OF THE EVOLUTION OF OM
Diagenesis
Catagenesis
Metagenesis
54
the most important stage of the evolution of OM
Diagenesis
55
Stage where Microbial activity ceases
Catagenesis
56
Depth where kerogen crystallize
4.6km
57
Occurs at shallow depths - first tens or hundreds of meters and low temperatures.
Microbial activity and compaction predominate
Diagenesis
58
Stage where wet gas and methane is produced
Catagenesis
59
is stable at any depth that can be reached by drilling
Methane
60
Stage is of no interest to petroleum geology
Metagenesis
61
Production of methane from kerogen
Cracking
62
refers to the extent of time-temperature driven reactions that convert sedimentary organic matter (source rock) into oil, wet gas, and finally to dry gas and pyrobitumen
Thermal Maturity
63
The reflectivity of the coal associated with the source rock is analyzed.
The most common method used to determine thermal maturity
Vitrinite Reflectance
64
Alteration of coal associated with the source rock
Thermal Alteration index
65
Major Source Rocks
Shale 65 %
Carbonate 21 %
Marl 12 %
Coal 2 %
66
The hydrocarbon generated is expelled form the source rock into carrier beds
Primary Migration
67
HCl is injected, dissolving the cement of the reservoir
Acidization
68
From the carrier beds it further migrates until trapped
Secondary Migration
69
liquid with sand is driven into the reservoir under high pressure
Fracturing
70
Rocks that are porous and permeable that can store hydrocarbons coming from the source rocks
Reservoir Rock
71
movement from one reservoir to another
Tertiary Migration
72
Most common types of reservoir rocks
Sandstone – 60%
| Limestone – 39%
73
Most important reservoir rock
Sandstone Reservoir
74
- Cratonic interior of low relief where sands are derived from basement or older sedimentary rocks
- Tectonically quiescent continental margin
- Newly risen fold thrust belts
High Quartz Sands
75
- Uplifted granitic or gneissic basement
- Intrusive rocks in interior basins
- Rift zones with rapid erosion
Feldspathic or Arkoses Sandstone
76
Magmatic arc terranes
Greywacke
77
Well sorted, adequate porosity
Source of hydrocarbon is less likely to be available
Cross bedded, w/ rounded grains
Terrestrial (aeolian or dune sands)
78
Deposited by rivers, nonmarine
Rest on erosional surface or unconformities
Common in braided section, w/ many channels and meander belts
Less well sorted than marine sands
Vertical succession of strata is fining upwards
Contain carbonaceous debris
High permeabilities
Fluvial (river deposits)
79
Major sandstone reservoirs
deltaic distributary mouth bar and channel sands
80
40% of world oil reserves
| 30% of world gas reserves
Limestone and Dolomite
81
textural designation for all carbonate sediments of essentially clay-particle grain size
Lime Muds
82
formed by deposition of CaCO3 around any nucleus
Coated Grains
83
formed by worms ingesting lime mud to feed on its content of organic matter
Fecal Pellets
84
aggregation of grains
Lumps
85
or intraclast, may be abraded or redeposited
Detrital grains
86
- Commonest model deposited on the flanks of cratonic mass, continental margin, or other tectonic or depostional features
- Deposited in very shallow marine water
- Where sediment production exceeds subsidence rate, carbonate sediments accumulate up to approximate sea level
Carbonate Shelf Model
87
- No prominent break in slope
- Facies belt tends to be broader
- Much less common
- Represent the earliest depositional stage in the development of a typical carbonate shelf model
Carbonate Ramp Model
88
Homoclinal ramps
| Distally steepened ramps
Carbonate Ramp
89
Depositional or accretionary shelves
Bypass margins
Erosional margins
Rimmed Carbonate Shelves
90
Bahama Type
Isolated Platform
91
mostly varved lime muds and terrestrial clays occupying lake centers
rich source rocks for oil
Profundal Facies
92
fringe the lake, lower amounts of clays, higher proportion of skeletal carbonate debris
Littoral Carbonates
93
formed in shallow lakes & marshes
| Requires periodic ponding of fresh water in shallow ponds developed on exposed carbonate platforms
Freshwater marl
94
may be com posed of ooids, pellets, foraminifera, etc..
| terrestrial fossils are useful indicators
Carbonate Dunes
95
forms in semi-arid to arid alkaline soil zones by reprecipitation of low-Mg calcium carbonate
Caliche
96
4 types of Caliche
1. compact crust or hardpan
2. platy or sheetlike
3. nodular-crumbly
4. massive-chalky
97
Indicators of substantial sea-level drop or tectonic uplift, exposure and action of vadose & phreatic processes on carbonate rocks
Cave deposits
98
Major Type of Seals
Shales – 65%
Evaporites – 33%
Carbonates - 2%
99
Ductile Seal Lithology
| high to low ductility
SAKSCC
```
Salt
Anhydrite
Kerogen-rich Shales
Silty Shales
Cabonate Mudstones
Chert
```
100
It is a configuration of a rock body that constrains the movement of the fluid in the reservoir
Trap
101
Types of traps
```
Anticlines 75 %
Faults 1 %
Salt diapirs 2 %
Unconformities 3 %
Reefs 3 %
Other stratigraphies 7 %
Combination 9 %
```
102
are rocks with reservoir-qualities that abut the reservoir
Thief Beds
103
must envelope the reservoir rock to prevent it from leaking out to the surface or dispersed elsewhere
Seal
104
Post depositional events should prevent it to further migrate or become biodegraded
Retention
105
The process of prospecting for petroleum can take many paths before a well is ready to be drilled
Stage 1: prospecting
106
prospect generation begins with the search of anomalies, a deviation from whatever trend is normal
Anomaly
107
is an anomaly that can be developed to be a prospect with additional data
Lead
108
is an anomaly that can be defined with existing data and meets a set of criteria requisite for commercial accumulation of hydrocarbons
Prospect
109
a collection of valves
Christmas Tree
110
```
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
```
```
1 - prospecting
2 - drilling
3 - production
4 - transport
5 - refining
```
111
simply the altered remains of originally lush vegetation which existed at various intervals from 50 to 350 million years ago.
Coal
112
6 major coal blocks
Eastern & Western Mindanao
Visayas Basin
Luzon Block
Eastern and Western Seaboard
113
Area with the highest resource potential
Semirara
114
Where is Peat found?
Samar-Leyte
Pliocene to Pleistocene
115
Where is High Volatile A Bituminous found?
Catanduanes Region
| Eocene
