Remote Sensing & GIS Flashcards by NJ Lim

Combines location and information about the location

Ability to analyze information

Analyze as many layers of information at ocne

Can overlay different spatial information at once

GIS

Geographic Information System

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information associated with an underlying geography or description of location

Spatial Information

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the science that deals with the construction, use, and principles behind maps and map use

Cartography

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Imaginary lines that runs horizontally

69 miles or 111 km apart

Latitude

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Imaginary lines that runs vertically and also known as meridians

(69 miles or 111 km apart)

Longitude

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0 degree of Longitude is located at ______ and continues 180 degrees east
and west where they meet and form the
International Date line in the Pacific Ocean

Greenwich England

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It provides essential information for the map reader

Map Legend

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Ratio between distance on a paper map and distance of the same stretch in actual terrain

Map Scale

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The accuracy with which a given map scale can depict the location and shape of map features

Resolution

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the minimum size of objects that can be detected by a sensor system

Spatial Resolution

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is used to portray all or part of round Earth on a flat surface map

Map Projection

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Map Projection that has

equally spaced longitudes
unequally spaced latitudes
scale is true along equator
shape and scale distortions increase near poles
shows true direction
UTM

Cylindrical Projection

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Map projection that results from projecting a spherical surface onto a cone

Conic Projection

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Map projection resulting from projecting a spherical surface onto a plane

Best for polar or circular regions

Azimuthal (Planar) Projection

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used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observation such as GPS locations within a common geographic framework

Reference System

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Map projection best for mid-latitudes with an East-West orientation like Canada

Conic Projection

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a combination of factors; ellipsoud, geoid, coordiate system and projection that identify a point on a sphere and on a two dimensional representation of the sphere

Spatial Reference Framework

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the science of measuring the earth

Geodesy

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the science of identifying and measuring specific locations on the earth

Surveying

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slight non-spherical object of the size and shape of the earth

Spheroid

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a mathematical model of the size and shape of the earth

Ellipsoid

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a theoretical surface generally defined as mean sea level. Used as the basis for a vertical datum and as reference for a horizontal datum.

Geoid

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a spheroid used as an (X,Y) reference to all points on the real globe

Horizontal Datum

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level surface to which heights (elevation) are referenced

Vertical Datum

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2 Types of Coodinate System

Global or Spherical Coordinate System Projected Coordinate System

based on a map projection, such as transverse Mercator, which provide various mechanisms to project maps of the earth's spherical surface onto a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate plane.

Projected Coordinate System

System that uses such as longitude-latitude. These are often referred as Geographic Coordinate System

Global or Spherical Coordinate System

is a geodetic datum first defined in 1911 and is suitable | for use in Philippines - onshore

Luzon 1911

Luzon 1911 references the _______ and the ________. origin is Fundamental point:

Clarke 1866 ellipsoid Greenwich prime meridian. Hinanggayon, Marinduque

is a homogeneous national network of geodetic control points (GCPs), marked by concrete monuments or mojons, that has been established using Global Positioning System (GPS) technology – NAMRIA

PRS92 or the Philippine Reference System of 1992 i

``` Zone I 117° Zone II 119° Zone III 121° Zone IV 123° Zone V 125° ```

Zone I 117° E Area W of 118 E Zone II 119° E Palawan and Calamian Islands Zone III 121° E Luzon (except SE), Mindoro Zone IV 123° E SE Luzon, W Mindanao Zone V 125° E E Mindanao, Bohol, Samar

``` Single square cells • Each cell will have a value corresponding to its land cover type. • Represents features as a matrix of cells in continuous space. ```

Raster

Types of Data Model

Raster | Vector

are stored as individual X, Y coordinates or as individual column. Row cell entries in a grid

Points

are stored as a set of mathematically connected X, Y coordinates or as a set of connected grid cells

Lines

are stored as a set of mathematically connected X, Y coordinates defining the boundary or as a set of contiguous cells defining the interior

Areas

Those collected in digital format specifically for use in a GIS Project by direct measurement

Primary Sources

those reused from earlier studies or obtained from other systems

Secondary Sources

It is the measure of totality of | features.

Data Completeness

can be termed as the degree of details that are displayed on a uniform space

Data Precision:

This can be termed as the discrepancy between the actual attributes value and coded attribute value

Data Accuracy

can be termed as | the absence of conflicts in a particular database.

Data Consistency

means gathering information about something (object) without actually being in any contact with it.

Remote Sensing

Why Remote Sensing?

to see differences over time to measure sizes, areas, depths, and heights; and in general to acquire information that is difficult to acquire by other means

A __________ in orbit around the earth has a sensor which scans the Earth's surface measuring the amount of light reflected/transmitted.

satellite

is one in which the satellite is always in the same position with respect to the rotating Earth

Geostationary Orbit

- An orbit that goes over both the North and the South Pole is called a ____________.

Polar orbit/Sun-Synchronous Orbit

A ________ is a device t hat measures a certain energy level of the electromagnetic spectrum and converts it into a signal which can be read by an instrument

Sensor

is generated by feature extraction from high | resolution stereo satellite imagery

DEM

uses inSAR which measures Earth’s elevation with two antennas. In only a couple days, ______ has collected one of the most accurate digital elevation models of Earth.

SRTM | Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

is an active sensor that measures ground height. Using light from an airplane or helicopter platform, it measures the time it takes to bounce back to the sensor. From this, you can create Digital Surface Models which is useful in forestry

Light detection and Ranging (LiDAR)

Data to generate Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). This radar mapping technology is an effective tool for collecting data under challenging circumstances such as cloud cover, extreme weather conditions, rugged terrain, and remote locations.

IfSAR/InSAR

GIS Application

``` Groundwater Ground Hazard Regional Geology Mapping Fault line Mapping Earthquake Movement ```

Are satellites specifically designed for Earth observation from orbit, similar to spy satellites but intended for non-military uses such as environmental monitoring, meteorology, map making etc

Earth observation satellites

is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain. • A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the object(s).

RAdio Detection And Ranging RAdio Direction And Ranging

Is a remote sensing method that uses light in the form of a pulsed laser to measure ranges (variable distances) to the Earth. These light pulses—combined with other data recorded by the airborne system— generate precise, three dimensional information about the shape of the Earth and its surface characteristics.

Light Detection and Ranging

Two types of LIDAR are _____ LIDAR typically uses a near-infrared laser to map the land LIDAR uses water-penetrating green light to also measure seafloor and riverbed elevations

Topographic | Bathymetric

Is helpful for exploring and mapping the ocean because sound waves travel farther in the water than do radar and light waves.

Sound Navigation and Ranging

emit an acoustic signal or pulse of sound into the water. If an object is in the path of the sound pulse, the sound bounces off the object and returns an “echo” to the sonar transducer. If the transducer is equipped with the ability to receive signals, it measures the strength of the signal.

Active Sonar

``` are used primarily to detect noise from marine objects (such as submarines or ships) and marine animals like whales. it does not emit its own signal, which is an advantage for military vessels that do not want to be found or for scientific missions that concentrate on quietly “listening” to the ocean. Rather, it only detects sound waves coming towards it. ```

Passive Sonar