geog book 4 chap 3

Question 1

what is a tectonic disaster risk?

Answer 1

refers to the potential damage to properties, injuries and loss of lives, from a disaster in a given period of time

determined as a product of the interaction between tectonic hazard, vulnerability and exposure to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

Question 2

what is tectonic disaster risk management

Answer 2

plans and actions that are put in place to

prevent disaster risks before the occurences of tectonic hazards

reduce disaster risks as TH occur

manage DR after TH

Question 3

how does DRM prevent disaster risks before the occurences of TH

Answer 3

designing HRB ensures structures can withstand hazards and do not collapse easily preventing DR

Question 4

give an example of how DRM prevent disaster risks before the occurences of TH

Answer 4

Taipei 101 is a skyscraper buily in EPZ

has a weighted damper near top of building to balance out ground shaking from earthquakes and reduces sway of building during an EQ and threat of collapse

Question 5

how does DRM reduce DR as TH occur

Answer 5

tsunami and EQ early monitoring and warning systems enables timely evacuation and lesser loss of lives

Question 6

how does DRM strengthen DR after occurences of TH

Answer 6

insurance coverage offers financial payouts to rebuild when properties are destroyed

enabling quick recovery from impacts of TH

strengthens resilience as it enables communities to resist, adapt and recover from TH in a timely and efficient manner

Question 7

how does the environmental consequences of DR and losses hinder development?

Answer 7

TH can bury huge areas of forests and wetlands destroying ecosystems and loss of biodiversity

debris pollute rivers killing aquatic life

debris may block rivers causing floods that damage ecosystems

Question 8

how does the social consequences of DR and losses hinder development?

Answer 8

TH can cause LoL as ppl drown or get hit by debris

people may become homeless as houses are destroyed
they are hence forced to live in temporary housing lacking proper sanitation causing poor standards of living

sea water brought inland by tsunamis contaminate wells and drinking sources causing pollution and spread of diseases

individuals may suffer trauma from loss of homes or loved ones

the constant threat of losing their lives can affect their mental health

Question 9

how does the economic consequences of DR and losses hinder development?

Answer 9

damage to properties

people suffer financially as it is costly to rebuild damaged properties

business owners lose incomes due to damage of property

govts need to spend money to repair and rebuild

Question 10

how does DR and losses hinder economic development?

Answer 10

countries need to channel money to rebuilding, development is slowed down as money is invested in other areas

efforts to reduce poverty may be affected as people live in poverty with poor standards of living when they lose income and homes due to DR

entire tourism industry may be affefted as damaged infrastructure and facilities may cause lesser revenue to people and govt

Question 11

give an example of DR hindering economic growth

Answer 11

the 2004 indian ocean tsunami

increase in number of ppl living in poverty by 20% (30-50) in Aceh, Indonesia

many lost their jobs hindering development

Question 12

why is it important to reduce disaster risks in disaster prone developing countriws

Answer 12

social, economic and environmental consequences can be severe hinding development

developing countries disproportionately affected by TH as they lack capacity to prevent reduce and manage DR

Question 13

give an example of how DRM is important in disaster prone developing countries

Answer 13

Mw 7.0 Haiti Eq
most of city destroyed as it lacked finances to invest in ERB
causing 220000 deaths

Mw 9.0 Tohuku Eq
lower death toll of about 19000 with higher magnitude as they had ERB and a better economic position to recover due to available resources

Question 14

how do some developing countries reduce DR through investment and planning + example

Answer 14

DRM is cost effective in preventing future losses contributing to sustainable development

additional investments to reduce DR are smaller than costs incurred from disaster

it lowers cost of rebuilding and threat to development gains

mw7.0 2010 chile eq
lesser buildings damaged and low death toll of 500
as they had modern ERB

Question 15

how does the variation in duration of shaking determine the nature of hazard of EQ + example

Answer 15

longer duration -> more damage
as structures subjected to a long period of stress and are more lijelt to collapse

ppl will be more likely to be trapped in collapsed infrastructure increases injuries and loss of lives

mw 9.0 2011 tohuku eq lasted 9 mins causing significal dmg to buildings

Question 16

how does the variation in time of shaking determine the nature of hazard of EQ + example

Answer 16

influences activities carried out by people and how they respond when eq strikes

at night ppl sleeping -> less alert -» unable to evacuate quickly

in the day time at work or school -> more alert -» evacuate quickly

mw 6.9 1995 kobe eq occured at 6am when ppl asleep and were trapped at home causing more than 6000 casualties

Question 17

how does the quality of building design and construction of shaking determine the vulnerabme conditions of EQ

Answer 17

EQ doesnt kill people but rather the buildings and the contents of its collapse do

the poorer the quality of building design, more vulnerable the buildings are to collapsing causing more ppl to be trapped

• poorly built w low quality materials that are rigid and unable to withstand shaking
• do not follow building codes set by authorities
• lack ERF such as reinforced steel walls

Question 18

give an example of how does the quality of building design and construction of shaking determine the vulnerabme conditions of EQ

Answer 18

mw 7.0 Haiti EQ 2010 port au prince
buildings collapsed
made of low quality materials and structures are poorly reinforced
>90% of buildings near to the epicentre were destroyed during EQ causing 220000 lives lost

Question 19

how does the salt and rock properties determine the vulnerable conditions of EQ - loose soil

Answer 19

potentially open up to other EQH like soil liquefaction

when soils are saturated and loose shaking may result in liquefaction

buildings are more vulnerae to collapse as they sink into liquefied soil and tip over
people more likely trapped in collapsed buildings increasing injuries and loss of lives

Question 20

how does the salt and rock properties determine the vulnerable conditions of EQ - soft soil

Answer 20

soft soil increases DR
as seismic waves travel from hard rocks to soft soil, waves get amplified
passing from rock to soil, waves slow down but become bigger
soft, loose soil shake more intensely than hard rock increasing likelihood of structures collapsing

people will more likely be tralled in buildings increasing injuries and loss of lives

Question 21

give an example of how salt and rock properties determine the vulnerabme conditions of EQ - loose soil

Answer 21

large areas of PaP, Haiti lie on layers of relatively soft soil
when 2010 mw 7.0 haiti eq, seismic waves amplified

causing collapse of many buildings and more than 220000 casualties

Question 22

how does variation population density determine exposure of a place to TH + example

Answer 22

higher the pd, higher no of ppl and buildings exposed to EQs
as when large numbers of people are located within buildings, more ppl will be trapped when buildings collapse increasing injuries and loss of lives

mw 6.9 1995 Kobe EQ
densely populated city
killed more than 6000 people and injuted 40000 ppl
pd: 3000ppl/km²

Question 23

how does distance from epicentre influence exposure of communities to EQH + example

Answer 23

nearer the city to epicentre
> more no of ppl and buildings exposed to hazard increasing DR
> less energy absorbed by rocks before seismic waves reach city causing them to be stronger resulting in violent shaking

buildings and structures more likely to collapse causing more ppl trapped and higher no of casualties

mw7.0 2010 Haiti EQ: PaP
>220000 deaths as epicentre only 25km west frm city

Question 24

how does the chemical composition if magma affect nature of eruption

Answer 24

determines effusive/ explosive
influences type of hazards occuring and extent of DR

low silica
- less viscous
- as magma rises to ES dissolved gases in magma can escape easily causing less pressure to build up -> gentle effusive eruptions
- dmg infrastructure over GR of volcano
- rarely kill ppl as ppl can avoid lava

high silica
- more viscous
- as magma rises to ES, dissolved gases in magma cannot escape easily
- more pressure builds up until gases escape explosively -> violent, explosive eruptions
- may form highly destructive pyroclastic flows causing widespread damage to infrastructure
- explosion of volcanic materials strike ppl and properties
- causing high injuries and casualties

Question 25

give an example of the impact low silica VE

Answer 25

2018 kilaeua in hawaii - 24 injuries - destroyed 600 himes - usd $800mil property damage

Question 26

give an example of the impact high silica VE

Answer 26

2010 mt merapi indonesia - pyroclastic flows travelled 3km down heavily populated sides - volcanic bombs spread over a distance of 10km - 350 000 ppl evacuated and 350 killed

Question 27

how does the availability of and surface groundwater influence the vulnerable conditions of a place to VE

Answer 27

high availability -> highly likely lahads increasing vulnerability of people and properties increasing DRs and bury and destroy properties increasing likelihood of injuries and casualties

Question 28

how does a large surface and groundwater quantity develop? + example

Answer 28

- rapid melting of snow and ice on volcano's summit during VE - groundwater released through cracks and fractures during VE - rivers and lakes nearby - heavy rainfall > 1991 mt pinatubo eruption: lahars triggered by heavy rain during monsoon season destroying 100000 homes

Question 29

how does prevailing wind conditions make places more vulnerable to VE + example

Answer 29

strength and direction of prevailing winds affect distribution of rainfall and tephra -> influencing extent of DR the larger the area affected the higher no of ppl and properties that become vulnerable as heavier and larger particles deposited close to volcano and finish ash particled carried snd deposited hundreds or thousands of kilometers away from volcano causing health and respiratory problems and damage to propertied as the weight if accumulated ash on roofs cause collapse mt pinatubo: ashfall and tephra spreading a large distance due to fast wind speed of more than 20m/s more than 90 000 hectares of dsmaged farmland

Question 30

what factors affect the exposure of a place to VE

Answer 30

presence of human settlements increase exposure of people and properties to VH increasinf DR by VE however many choose to stay near active volcanoes

Question 31

why are strategies to build CR to EQ and VE important for communities living in EPZs

Answer 31

involved availability of communities living in HZP to RAR from impacts of disasters in a timely and efficient manner

Question 32

how does land use planning reduce a place's exposure to VH and EQH + example

Answer 32

controlling and reducing development in high risk areas reduces potential loss of lives and damage to properties using hazards maps and strict guidelines control development implemented - suggests level of risk based on likelihood of disaster occuring - indicate the possible extent of disasters after 1933 japan tsunami, LUP implemented and residential land use on coastal areas shifted to higher ground when 2011 tohuku eq struck, houses on higher ground not destroyed

Question 33

how to reduce vulnerability through HRB designs

Answer 33

shock absorbers/ dampers in buildings absorb vibratiobs reinforcing buildings using diagonal cross braces to retain building shape during EQ events prevents buildings from swaying too much causing lesser casualties

Question 34

give an example of reducing vulnerability to HRB

Answer 34

Taipei 101: skyscraper built in EPZ weighted damper near the top to balance out groundshaking from EQ this reduces sway of building an EQ, reducing threat of building collapsing

Question 35

how to reduce vulnerability through monitoring and warning systems + example

Answer 35

set of devices used to detect seismic waves and groujd deformation help make predictions and send warnings about potential hazards enabling people to evacuate to a safer place reducing susceptibility of TH 2011 tohuku eq mws detected strong tremors, a signal was sent out to stop bullet trains -> saved lives of thousands of passengers

Question 36

what is earthquake early warning

Answer 36

use a network of sensors and monitors seismic waves detected during an EQ alerts sent to smart devices to inform people of when seismic waves might reach them provide advance warning to people this is critical for saving lives as it gives time for authorities and people to respond and evacuate quickly EQ sensors identify risk areas and aid to be directed where most needed

Question 37

how does raising public awareness of hazards through education increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR

Answer 37

provides ppl w knowledge of hazards and how to respond to them taking temporary shelter from volcanic ash during an eruption and sealing doors and windows

Question 38

conducting first aid training increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR

Answer 38

enables ppl to administer basic medical care to the injured and keep them mobile so that they can evacuate if needed

Question 39

how does conducting evacuation drills increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR

Answer 39

enables people to be farmiliar with evacuation procedures and routes, reducing likelihood of them being trapped in collapsed buildings farmiliarise them to avoid areas downwind of volcano to avoid volcanic ash tsunamis: drills would farmiliarise people with designated tsunami indunation zones and the marked evacuation routes so that they avoid tsunami waves

Question 40

give an example of how conducting evacuation drills increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR

Answer 40

2011 tohuku eq nearly all 3000 students of kamaishi city survived the eq and tsunami have disaster prevention and education programme and they were hence able to respond quickly and evacuate to higher ground

Question 41

how does developing plans to ensure that people are able to get back to their lives increase preparedness for respond and recovery building CR

Answer 41

plans for makeshift shelters provision of medical care, food and water

Question 42

how does the extent of communities resources pose challenges in building CR

Answer 42

influences the ability of the community to reduce vulnerability and exposure to TH and recover from the impact usually developing countries as govts of DC choose to prioritise economic development rather than TH DRM

Question 43

give an example of how the extent of communities resources pose challenges in building CR

Answer 43

Bangladesh, a developing country lies along plate boundary 30% of population lives below poverty line and most resources used for economic development hence 21% of capital buildings are easily damaged 77% of them are reinforced but have not been designed to sustain EQ makes Dhaka very vulnerable to impacts of EQ

Question 44

how does the capability to organise itself for disasters pose challenges in building CR

Answer 44

lower capability limits ability to respond and recover from TH as there is a lack of efforts to educate and train community to respond and recover from TH, political instability and corruption causing a loss of funding meant to build community preparedness

Question 45

give an example of how the capability to organise itself for disasters pose challenges in building CR

Answer 45

2010 haiti eq caused more than 220 000 deaths community in haiti not able to organise itself for disasters as no message was put in place to educate haitians about how to respond to a disaster they had no network of community healthcare workers causing limited medical and emergency response poor law enforcement caused looting needed to survive became urgent there was chaos and unrest as survivors found it hard to take care of themselves and recover from the disasters

Question 46

what is disaster management

Answer 46

refers to how communities can adopt strategies to respond and recover from disasters

Question 47

why do various stakeholders need to work together for these DM to be successful?

Answer 47

local govts required to assess damage and to take immediate action NGOs and private organisations may aid in provision of necessities and establish relief funds

Question 48

what are the aims of strategies to respond to DM

Answer 48

save lives reduce health impacts ensure public safety meet the immediate basic needs of those affected by disaster

Question 49

how does search and rescue efforts help communities respond and recover from EQ and VE + example

Answer 49

Search and rescue teams aim to rescue the largest number of people in the shortest time They use skilled teams and specialized equipment to minimize risk and prevent further harm This helps save lives by quickly locating and evacuating survivors 2020 aegean sea, turkey more than 8000 s&r and first aid teams deployed and over 106 people rescued

Question 50

how does timely evacuation during earthquakes help communities respond and recover from disasters

Answer 50

buildings and infrastructure may collapse hence people need to be evacuated from buildings to open spaces to avoid getting trapped under rubble powerful aftershocks can occur soon after an earthquake causing previously weakened structures to collapse basic services disruoted and people need to be evacuated to temporary shelters where food, water and medical supplies are provided

Question 51

how does timely evacuation during tsunamis help communities respond and recover from disasters

Answer 51

people need to be evacuated to higher groubd and away from the coast to minimise casualties

Question 52

how does timely evacuation during VE help communities respond and recover from disasters

Answer 52

lahars, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, and tephra can cause casualties people need to be evacuated from danger zone around the volcano

Question 53

give an example of how timely evacuation during VE help communities respond and recover from disasters

Answer 53

2010 after warning of mt merapis imminent eruption issued by scientists Indonesia's authorities organised massive quick evacuation efforts saving more than 10000 lives

Question 54

how does the provision of water to affevted communities help them respond and recover from disasters

Answer 54

after disasters there may be water shortages ground shaking during EQ can rupture water pipes cutting off or contaminating water supplies VE can contaminate water sources providing clean water can prevent dehydration and water bourne diseases that may occur when affected communities drink from contaminated sources of water

Question 55

give an example of how the provision of water to affevted communities help them respond and recover from disasters

Answer 55

2010 haiti eq water supply disrupted in PaP International Commitee of the red cross provided water supply for 12000 people trucking water into PaP daily

Question 56

how does the provision of food to affevted communities help them respond and recover from disasters + example

Answer 56

people may not have access to food due to shop closures and damages to crops available food may not be safe for consumption as frozen food may turn bad due to damaged storage equipment providing food can prevent hunger and starvation 2017 mt agung eruption stakeholders provided food to more than 75000 evacuees

Question 57

how does the provision of healthcare to affected communities help them respond and recover from disasters + example

Answer 57

may be disrupted causing damage to hospitals many require healthcare support after disasters providing access to medicine, doctors and hospitals prevent spread of diseases and save lives 2018 fuego eruption guatemala world vision provided 30000 boxes of medical supplies and 1000 hygiene kits to affected communities

Question 58

how does the provision of psychological services to affected communities help them respond and recover from disasters + example

Answer 58

experiencing a disaster can result in great emotional distress due to severe injuries, loss of lives of loved ones and loss of livelihoods many survivors will beed counselling from mental health experts to come to terms with the disaster and rebuild their lives providing psychological services helps survivors come to terms with it 2018 Palu, Indonesia EQ volunteer groups focusing on mental health worked with children to help them deal with trauma of losing their families and homes

Question 59

how are strategies to recover achieved

Answer 59

constructing HRB & I retrofitting surviving buildings and infrastructure with HR features allowing residents to eventually return to their original homes -> keeping communities intact after a disaster providing housing assistance -> enabling affected communities to rebuild their lives after the disaster and minimising their vulnerability and exposure to TH

Question 60

give an example of strategies to recover from TH

Answer 60

2011 tohuku eq displaced 500000 people by 2016, majority rehoused in settlements with enhanced HR features in a port town, ground level of sites for new houses raised by 10m and 2 more sea walls were built

Question 61

how does a lack of domestic resources pose technological and financial challenges in DM

Answer 61

country may not have financial and technological resources to effectively respond and recover from disasters -> hamper disases response efforts resulting in delays and more lives lost

Question 62

give an example of how a lack of domestic resources pose technological and financial challenges in DM

Answer 62

2010 haiti eq lack of resources dampered DM efforts there was a shortage of ambulances to transport the injured rescue team spent many hours removing rubble manually with hammers or rods to pull trapped people under collapsed buildings

Question 63

how do challenges in engaging relevant stakeholders to collaborate and integrate DMS into practice pose challenges in DM

Answer 63

disagreements from other stakeholders stakeholders underestimate need for certain DMS high cos of integrating such strategies into their practices > local communities reluctant to purchase insurance for tectonic disaster risks > private insurance companies might not be willing to offer such insurance policies causing high financial commitment required > individuals reluctant to retrofit their buildings to ensure they are HR

Question 64

give an example of how challenges in engaging relevant stakeholders to collaborate and integrate DMS into practice pose challenges in DM

Answer 64

2015 nepal eq govt and opposition parties created new public body, theNationak Reconstruction Authority NRA to oversee building due to political disagreements it took 9 months to appoint leader for NRA hindering recovering works in the country