geography Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
natural hazard
A
a natural event that poses a risk to life and or property
2
Q
natural hazard
weather examples
A
droughts
hurricane
snow
3
Q
natural hazard
tetonic examples
A
volcano
earthquake
tsunami
4
Q
natural hazard
biological examples
A
covid 19
black death
measels
5
Q
natural hazard
geomorphological examples
A
landslides
river erosion
subsidence
6
Q
tropical revolving storms other names
A
willy willies
typhoon
hurricane
cyclone
7
Q
TEA of where are tropical revolving storms
A
trend - hurricanes across tropic of cance and typhoons, cycloons between tropics
example - indonesia and philipines
annomoly - american and west austrailia
8
Q
where are hurricanes found
A
Mexico and America
9
Q
where are cylones found
A
india and japan
10
Q
where are typhoons found
A
philipines and indonesia
11
Q
where are willy willies found
A
austrailia
12
Q
where did typhoon Haiyan hit
A
Philipines
13
Q
what date did Haiyan hit the philipines
A
8th november 2013
14
Q
primary reactions to typhoon Haiyan
A
-1600 evacuations centres set up
-presiden requested air support
-1000 homes damged
8ndied when wall collasped in Tacloban
15
Q
secondary reactons in typhoon Haiyan
A
-14 million effected
-snakes in buildings
20 billion cost to philipines
-people got malaria from the water
16
Q
chloropleth map advantages
A
easy to see proximity to other places
17
Q
chloropleth disadvantages
A
cant see real detail/ exact amounts
18
Q
most affected place from Haiyan
A
cenral visayas
eastern visayas
19
Q
two types of impacts
A
primary
secondary
20
Q
two types of responces
A
immediate
long term
21
Q
what were the responses before the storm Haiyan
A
before storm
- president televised warning
-evacuation centre set up in football stadium in the capital city
22
Q
what were the responses years after Haiyan
A
years after
-expanding storm shelters
build back better
23
Q
what were the responses months after the storm Haiyan
A
months after
-new storm warning created by government
-rebuilding roads and homes
-mangroves were planted along the coast as defence against the future storm
-government investigated a build back- better programme to ensure new houses were stronger and could resist typhoon
24
Q
what were the responses straight after the storm Haiyan
A
straight after
-burying dead
-emergency aid flown-in food water and medical supplies
weeks after
-clean up
no houses built on the coast
25
what were the responses during typhoon Haiyan
during the storm
-hiding
-treating the injured in emergency medical centuries
-resource teams flew in
26
primary effects of typhoon Haiyan
-power lines destroyed
-airport damaged
-rice and sugar cane crops destroyed
-6340 people killed
-one million homes destroyed
27
secondary effects on typhoon Haiyan
-8 people were killed fighting over rice at a food distribution
-500 people died from drinking polluted water
-a year later rice prices rose by 10 percent because the crop had failed
28
economic effect
an impact affecting business eg financial cost
29
eye
the calm clear centre of a tropical storm
30
hurricane
a name used for tropical storms in some areas of the pacific ocean
31
landfall
when the centre of the tropical storm crosses the coastline
32
primary effect
an impact that occurs as a direct consequence
33
secondary effect
an impact rsulting from a separate effect
34
social effect
an impact affecting people
35
tidal surge
an abnormal rise in the sea level due to the fall in the air pressure causing costal erosion
36
track
the path of the storm
37
tropical
located between the topics of cancer and the cparicorn
38
typhoon cyclone
a serve tropical storm with winds speed excess of 120 km/h
39
typhoon
a name used for tropical storms in some areas of south east Asia
40
willy willies
a name used for tropical storms in Austraila
41
why is warmer seas a bad thing for stomrs
warmer seas means there's more energy increasing the intensity of tropical storms.
42
where in philipines did typhoon haiyan hit
tacloban
43
strengh of typhoon haiyan
5
44
how many died in haiyan
6000
45
how many people were displaced in haiyan
800 000
46
how often do ice ages
250 million years
47
what era were the dinasours arround
jurrasic
48
what era are humans in
quaternary
49
why do glacial periods happen
tilt of the earth
super volcanoes
distance of sun from earth
50
how old is the earth
4.5 billion years
51
how many years ago was the trassic
200-250 million years ago
52
what era was mass extintion
creatareous
53
what era was coal formed by carbon
jurassic
54
what caused the dinosaurs extinction
meteros
55
reasons for global temperature change
sun spots
milankovitch cycles
volcanoes
56
how does sun spots effect global temperature
spurges of magnetic energy coming drom the sun which decreaces the amount of light and energy reaching the earth
57
how does milankovitch cylces affect the global temperature
earth orbits around the sun. distance tilt of the earth changing. ice reflects cold meausing we get trapped ina cycle
58
how does volcanoes affect the global tempreature
sulfur dioxide interacts with water causing acid rain. H2SO4 which cools the earth down. they can also form dust wich reflects and absorbs the light causin ice ages
59
what is Palaeozoic
ancient life
60
what is Mesozoic
middle life
61
what is Cenozoic
recent life
62
causes of greenhouse effect
energy
agriculture
deforestation
transport
63
economic impacts of global warming
- yields decrease
-shorter seasons of skiing less snow
64
social impacts of global wamring
-health in southern and eastern Africa may decline as malaria increaces due to being hotter for longer
-more deaths in Europe from heat waves causes griefs
65
environmental impacts of global warming
- wildlife decline as polar bears and seals disappear with the loss of habitats (ice burgs)
-Asia expects a 70 percent increase in areas which have a risk of flooding
66
bio energy defintion
uses the energy from the sun
67
geothermal definition
energy - uses natural heat from deep in the earth
68
wind energy defintion
uses the energy moving air currents
69
solar energy defintion
uses energy of sunlight stored in vegetation
70
hydroelectricity defintion
uses the energy running water
71
wave energy defintion
uses the energy of waves in the sea
72
tidal energy defintion
uses the energy of daily changing sea levels
73
how do you mitigate climate change
renewable energy
carbon capture
planting trees
international agreements
74
how does carbon capture works
1. natural gas is burned at power stations
2. carbon dioxide separated from other gases
3. carbon dioxide stored under the northern sea
75
how do they get natural gas
drill down into the earth
pipes bring up the natural gas
76
mitigation defintion
how to prevent something eg global warming
77
climate change
is the weather developing over time getting warmer and colder
77
is planting trees or carbon capture or renewable energy the best way to mitigate climate change
planting more trees is cheaper and more accessible to everyone allowing more habitats for animals increasing bio diversity.
however carbon capture is quicker and one of them is equivalent to 40 million trees. although it is more expensive.
on the other hand renewable energy can be built in many different types of places - on top of houses or in the sea and is cheaper then carbon capture but more expensive then planting trees. its still effective but not as effective as carbon capture
78
where were the last three cliamte summits and dates
Kyoto -1997
Copenhagen - 2009
France -2015
79
who uses the most water per day
US
80
what was agreed at Kyoto climate summit
1997
5 percent reduction of fossil fuels - everyone agreed although Russia Australia and US ignored
81
what happened at the climate summit in Copenhagen
2009
cut emisssions, help poor and plant trees - although china diddnt sign
82
what happened in paris climate summit
2015
keep world increace 1.5 degrees
everyone set own goals
everyone agreed
83
where is high water stress
along the west, mostly north west eg Oban
84
Why is there high water stress higher up north of the globe
colder so more rainfall around the Atlantic ocean with low pressure winds
85
where is water stress in Uk
South east England
86
what is the water transfer scheme
transferring water between neighbouring regions so places which need water can have it
87
where does the water come from in transferring schemes
reservoirs
88
advantages of reservoirs and transferring water schemes
-large supplies of drinking water all year round
-able to have water all over the UK
-clean water
-scenic increase as people come to walk round the reservoir
-building more desalination plants
89
arguments against reservoirs and transferring water schemes
-destroy homes
-increace flooding risks
-influx in insects
90
how do reservoirs destroy homes
they build them where villages are so they get drowned and those people are given a small sum and forced to move out
91
what is the beast from the east where did it effect and when
primary and secondary effects
short and long term
2018
primary - 15- 20 cm of snow
70 mph wind
waves hit coastline
M80 stranded
secondary- gas deficit
nhs cancelled non important appointments
trains stranded
no power in homes
schools closed for three days
short term - army sent
community centres
Greggs gave free food
long term - snow ploughs
-death from cold
-met office looked at forcast
92
what is the big freeze when and where
primary and secondary effects
long and short term
2004
primary effect- deliveries delayed
7000 schools closed
salt put on the floor
secondary effect-
1.6 billion in repairs
starvation due to lack of food
short term
schools cancelled
road closure
flights cancelled
long terms
fund of farmers
stock piling incase it happens agian
93
types of crust
continental and oceanic
94
what is continental crust
less dense cant sink
older can be over 1500 million years old
permanent meaning it cant be renewed or destroyed
crust is thicker then oceanic up to 70cm thick
mainly made of granite
density is 2.6g/cm3
95
what is oceanic crust
mainly made of basalt
crust is thinner only up to 6km thick
crust is younger - few million years old constantly broken and remade again at the constructive and deconstructive plate boundaries
crust is denser and heavier therefore sinks below continental crust.
density is 3.0 g/cm3
96
constructive plate boundary
example of where
what forms and how
impacts
Iceland
shield volcanoes formed as oceanic plates drift away from each other the magma coming up to the top.
small earthquakes and eruptions form volcanoes
97
destructive plate boundary
examples of where
what forma and how it impacts
Japan
continental and oceanic plate boundary
oceanic plate boundary goes below continental into the subduction zone causing large and small earthquakes and volcanoes as magma goes up into continental volcanoes
98
collison zone
himalayas
two continental crusts collide and as neither can sink both are forced up into fold mountains
earthquake activity no volcanoes
99
conservative margin
Sandreas
two plates move sideways past each other - land is neither formerd or destroyed
can be violent earthquke no volcanic activity
100
L'Aquila Italy is it a HIC, LIC,NEE
HIC
101
what does LIC mean
low income country
102
what does HIC mean
high income country
103
what does NEE mean
newly emerging economy
104
when was L'Aquila earthquake
6th April 2009
105
where is L'Aquila on the Richter scale
6.3 Richter scale
106
primary impacts of L'Aquila earthquake
299pl killed
293 buildings damaged
80% of the town was destroyed
21.9 billion in damage
tourists also died
107
secondary impacts of L'Aquila earthquake
places zoned off
reduced tourism
farmers lost animals
landslides blocked roads
residents sufffered from PTSD
looting increaced
house prices increased due to less houses
108
how many people were made homeless from the L'Aquila earthquake
67,500
109
how many people died from the L'Aquila earthquake
308
110
after shocks of L'Aquila eartquakes
after shocks triggered landslides and mudslides that damaged more buildings
111
how many buildings collapsed from the L'Aquila earthquake
10 000 buildings many were significant and cultural
eg basilica of st Bernardino
112
L'Aquila earthquake immediate actions
- tents/shelter 30 000
search teams - france, switzerland, uk, austria and america
water and tablets 67 000 litres
food and army ration packs
113
L'Aquila earthquake short term actions
-mortgages and bills suspended
-free calls and delivery
-international aid
-living in railway trains
-checking houses
114
L'Aquila earthquake long term actions
-students given free transport
-discounts on equipment at school
-rebuilding homes
- scientists arrested for manslaughter (not reporting it) also had to pay money
115
L'Aquila primary
308 ppl killed
1500 injured
67 500 homeless
10 000 collasped
search and resue
tents in park and football stadium
medial teams
116
L'Aquila secondary
after schock- land slide and mud slide
students in uni decreaced
lack of housing - rents and mortgage increaced
places cordoned off toruism down
bills stopped
inspecting homes -dispalced till then
lost moeny in tranpsort industry as it was free
117
magnitude of nepal earthquake
7.8 Richter scale
118
death toll of nepal earthquake
8841
119
economic damage from nepal earthquake
5.15 billion
26 hospitals damaged
loss of farming and trading
tourism mimised
120
why do people live in areas with natural hazard
good lands
scenic interesting and historical
ancestors live there
dont believe anything will happen
121
advantages of living in iceland
beautiful
fertile
hot springs
exciting
geothermal energy
122
disadvantages of living in iceland
climate
lava
dangerous
earthquakes
water
expensive
123
what do small tremours mean
leads to one big earthquake
124
where do earthquakes along sandreas fault happen in m
140m and 310m
125
3 ps
predict
plan
protect
126
how do you plan for natural hazards
-hospital and emergency service drill
-using embankments to more lava flow away from property
-drop cover and hold on
-the big shakeout occurs one a year
-steel framed buildings
-flexible gas and water piepes
-hazard maps
-map to show areas at risk and important buildings
-finding all the fault lines and mapping them
127
how you predict natural hazards
-monitoring for small earthquakes
-using instruments to detect gases realeased by magma rising
- rubbber shock absorbers
remote sensing which detects changes in heat and land shape
analysing the extent of pass eruptions
radon gas increase as it escapes from cracks in the ground
-using strange animals behaviour as an indicator of earthquakes
-measuring increaces in gases dissolved in water
-monitoring foreshocks
-analysing earthquake recurrence intervals
128
how can we protect natural hazards
-fire resistant materails used including paint
-using embankments to divert lava flows away from property
-hospital and emergency service dirlls
-fire extingushers
-steel framed buildings that can sway during movements
-earthquake kit
-airbag foundation
-automatic gas shut off in all buildings
-maps showing risk areas
129
how is gas a good way to look for volcanic activity
looking at sulfur dioxide increace
130
how is hydrology a good way t look for volcanic activity
testing the water for smells
131
how is the ground used to test for volcanic activity
deformation and bulging on side of the volcanoe and cracks
132
geophysicial measurements. how is it used to test for volcanic activity
liquid magma in the ground
133
seismometers how is sit used to test for volcanic activity
mini tremours measuring
134
remote sensing how is it used to test for volcanic activity
look at most things
135
how should a building be in order to earthquake friendly
-open areas
-rubber shock absobers between foundations
-super structure
-reinforced lattice work foundations deep in bedrock
-pannnels on marble and glass flexibly anchored to steel and super sturucturer
-reinforced lift shafts with tension cables
136
population
how many peopel live in a certain area
