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END OF YEARS😔 > GEOGRAPHY🌳 > Flashcards

GEOGRAPHY🌳 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who is Alfred Wegener?

A

The man who came up with the theory of Pangaea.

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2
Q

Name the four layers of the earth,

A

crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

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3
Q

What moves tectonic plates?

A

convection currents

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4
Q

Describe the continental crust.

A

thicker, less dense and older

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5
Q

Describe oceanic crust

A

thinner, younger and more dense

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6
Q

Name a subduction zone

A

The South American plate, and the Nazca Plate

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7
Q

What happens at a destructive boundary, in terms of features?

A

Earthquake, composite volcanoes

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8
Q

Describe composite volcanoes

A

large and steep, viscous lava, less frequent eruptions.

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9
Q

Describe shield volcanoes

A

gentle sides, gentle and more frequent eruptions, less viscous lava

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10
Q

Name the different plate boundaries

A

Constructive, conservative, destructive, collison

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11
Q

What is an example of a conservative plate boundary?

A

San Andreas fault.

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12
Q

Can volcanoes occur at conservative plate boundaries?

A

No, but earthquakes can.

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13
Q

Name a constructive plate boundary

A

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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14
Q

What are characteristics of divergent plate boundaries.

A

Volcanoes, shield volcanoes, earthquakes, rising land.

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15
Q

What is a collision plate boundary?

A

two continental plate boundaries push towards each other. They form mountains. They are the same type.

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16
Q

What is an example of a collision plate boundary?

A

Himalayas

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17
Q

Why are composite volcanoes so viscous?

A

The melting of oceanic rock and gases, high in silica.

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18
Q

What are the bounds of the Richter scale?

A

1 to 10, and is logarithmic

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19
Q

What is the difference between the Richter and Mercalli scale?

A

Richter measures magnitude, Mercalli measures impact on life and damage.

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20
Q

What is the difference between the focus and epicentre?

A

Focus is underground, epicentre is above.

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21
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary waves?

A

Secondary waves are more violent, due to them being after the primary waves, but are slower and can only move through rock.

Primary waves move faster, in a push pull direction and all solids.

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22
Q

What was the magnitude of the 2010 Haiti earthquake?

A

7

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23
Q

What made the Haiti earthquake a human disaster, in regards to the day?

A

The day was Wednesday, near 5pm, work, very shallow at 9km, only 15km from capital

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24
Q

Name five factors that made the Haiti earthquake worse.

A
  1. Population density
  2. Living conditions; gdp per capita of $650
  3. Buildings not built to seismic design code.
  4. Corruption.
  5. Half the people earn under 85p per day.
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25
How many people were casualties in the Haiti earthquake?
530000
26
What was a secondary repercussion of the Haiti earthquake?
Primary: looting secondary: collapse of police force
27
What are the three Ps to stay safe in tectonic hazards?
Preparation, Prediction, Protection
28
What, in order, are the three tips to stay safe in an earthquake?
Drop Cover Hold On!
29
What are examples of protection from tectonic hazards?
Thatched roof, shock absorbers and seismic design code.
30
What are examples of prediction from tectonic hazards?
Seismographs, gas samples and GPS positioning.
31
What are examples of preparation for tectonic hazards?
Drop, cover, hold on
32
Define a superpower nation.
A superpower nation is an extremely power country, especially one capable of influencing international events and the acts and policies of less powerful countries.
33
What are the 7 factors that make superpowers?
* Area * Population * Resources * Military * Economic * Soft power * Politics CAMPER P
34
What is the difference between uni, bi and multi polar world systems?
Uni polar have one superpower, bi has two, multi has more than two.
35
Name the BRIC nations.
Brazil, Russia, India, China
36
Name the MINT nations
Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Türkiye
37
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Mexico?
Population, drug cartels
38
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Indonesia?
Population, dying industry.
39
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Nigeria?
Account surplus, corruption
40
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Turkey?
Increasing GDP, lack of commodities and account deficit.
41
Describe the distribution of colonies in the British Empire.
P: Africa, Asia and North America. E: Egypt to South Africa A: Guyana, Ireland K: takes care of itself
42
How did the British Empire rise?
Industrialisation, and the Navy.
43
Why did the British Empire fall?
Mainly India, but also WWII, emergence of USSR and USA, independence, cost
44
Why is there oil in the Middle East?
Arabian peninsula used to be underwater, microorganisms died and were pressurised into crude oil.
45
Name a country with lots of oil, and one with little oil
Saudi Arabia, Iraq has little
46
What is development?
The level of a country's economic, social and political progress. It must be sustainable.
47
Name 5 causes of conflict in the Middle East
* Borders - Israel and Palestine * The Arab Spring * Oil * Religion - Sunni and Shia * The Iraq War
48
Explain the Syrian War
The Syrian War occurred due to the authoritarian dictatorship of the Assad family. This was from 1971 to 2011, when the Civil War began, between those against and for, and in November, the regime fell. Syria now faces a climb back to before the war.
49
What is a TNC?
A transnational corporation is a large company that operates in several countries
50
Define globalisation.
The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange.
51
How do TNCs benefit developing countries?
* Foreign Direct Investment * Life quality for native workers * Bringing over skilled workers
52
How do TNCs disadvantage emerging nations?
Not paying, or paying little tax.
53
How do governments contribute to globalisation?
Investment and movement of people.
54
Name IGOs.
EU, G20, UN and WHO
55
What is an IGO.
Intergovernmental Organization
56
Give 3 measures of development
* Birth rate / death rate * HDI (human development index) * GDP per capita * Corruption Perception Index * Fertility rate * Infant mortality * Life expectancy * Literacy rate
57
Why has a country like Malawi not benefitted from globalisation?
The environment, corruption, lack of FDI, poor healthcare
58
What is FDI?
foreign direct investment
59
What does inequality mean?
Extreme differences between poverty and wealth, as well as in people's wellbeing and access to jobs and education.
60
What is the difference between migrants, asylum seekers, and refugees?
Asylum seekers * Seeking protection😔 * Country unsafe💥 * No right to work📉 Refugee * Protected😊 * Country unsafe😭 * Right to work📈 Migrant * Unprotected👀 * Country safe🙂 * Moving for work✈️
61
What is an immigrant?
a person who moves permanently to a new country
62
What is migration?
movement of people from one place to another
63
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary migration?
Voluntary * Leaving due to jobs or housing Involuntary * Leaving due to war, deportation, corruption or crime
64
Describe push and pull and obstacle factors for migration.
Push * Religion✝️ * War💣 * Housing🏠 * Deportation❌ * Hate * Crime / corruption💸 * Employment Pull * Protection😇 * Wealth😊 * Jobs Obstacles * Visa * Family * Language🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿
65
What is the biosphere?
the part of Earth where life exists
66
What do we call the sections of the biosphere?
Biomes
67
Name five different biomes
* Deciduous forest🌳 * Mediterranean☀️ * Grassland💐 * Rainforest🌧️ * Taiga * Desert🏜️
68
Describe the location of the tropical rainforest.
P: Within the tropics of Capricorn and Cancer E: Brazil, Congo, Indonesia A: Amazon doesn't have a coast, most do K: within the answer 4 MARK
69
Define an ecosystem
The study of living and non-living things in an environment where the living things interact between each other and also with the non-living environment they are found in.
70
What are key things that differ between biomes?
Temperature, plants, humidity, rainfall, animals
71
What typically causes a tsunami?
Submarine earthquakes
72
What is an example of a tsunami being caused by an earthquake?
The 2004 Boxing Day Earthquake
73
Why do we need IGOs?
Allowing states to co-operate with one another, and hold other states to justice and accountability. An example is the EU and NATO sanctioning Russia in February 2022 after the invasion into Ukraine. The IGOs aimed to cooperate with Ukraine to hold Russia to justice.
74
Where are most IGOs concentrated in?
The United States of America.
75
What is the issue with IGOs?
IGOs aren't completely fair. NATO is never going to sanction the USA in the same manner it would to Brazil (for example). COVID showed as well IGOs are more likely to serve themselves over other desperate nations.
76
How do you answer an 8 mark?
1st point: 1st evidence: 1st explanation 1st judgement: 2nd point: 2nd evidence: 2nd explanation: 2nd judgement: Conclusion

END OF YEARS😔 (14 decks)

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