Geography - Development 🏢📈 Flashcards
1
Q
Define “Development”
A
A process of change to improve people’s quality of life.
2
Q
What is the general relationship between quality of life and development?
A
As a country develops, the quality of life for people in that country improves.
3
Q
What are developed countries?
A
A country with a wide range of services, little poverty, goods and lots of job opportunities which create a good quality of life.
4
Q
What are some examples of developed countries?
A
England, France, America, Canada, and Japan.
5
Q
What are emerging countries?
A
Emerging countries are countries where the quality of life has improved in recent years but it is still not good enough to be a developed country.
6
Q
What are some examples of emerging countries?
A
China and India.
7
Q
What is a BRIC country?
A
Four countries in particular that have specifically been referred to as emerging countries.
8
Q
What are the BRIC countries?
A
Brazil, India, Russia and China.
9
Q
What are developing countries?
A
The poorest countries in the world with a low quality of life. People tend to be poor in developing countries and they lack services.
10
Q
What are some examples of developing countries? Why are they so poor?
A
Afghanistan - Has been at war
Haiti - Experiences many natural disasters
11
Q
How do we measure development?
A
We ask questions that can relate to the quality of life of people in the country, which are development indicators.
12
Q
What is a development indicator?
A
A piece of data that helps to show how developed a country is.
13
Q
What does GDP stand for?
A
Gross Domestic Product
14
Q
What is GDP?
A
The total value of goods and services produced in a country, per year. It’s what the entire population earns.
15
Q
What is GDP per capita?
A
The GDP per person, which is calculated by dividing the total GDP of the country by the number of people in the population.
16
Q
What does PPP stand for?
A
Purchasing Power Parity
17
Q
What is PPP?
A
When something is adjusted to take into account that the value of a dollar changes in countries, and is often used in GDP per capita.
18
Q
Why is GDP sometimes inaccurate?
A
Due to inequality and government spending.
19
Q
How does inequality make GDP inaccurate?
A
Some people can be extremely rich, and others can be extremely poor. The rich may spend their money on things like mansions, instead of roads and schools.
20
Q
How does government spending make GDP inaccurate?
A
A country could have a very high GDP, but the government might not spend that money on things that improve people’s quality of life, but for military weapons and bombs.
21
Q
What is HDI?
A
The HDI index is a social measure of development that tries to overcome some of the problems of economic measures of development, taking into account 3 factors to create an overview score.
22
Q
What are the 3 factors HDI takes into account?
A
The life expectancy of a country, the education level of people in that country, and the income of people.
23
Q
What does HDI stand for?
A
Human Development Index.
24
Q
What is life expectancy?
A
The period a new baby can expect to live in a country, on average.
25
Why does life expectancy have a relation to development of a country?
The life expectancy of a country tells you about its development because if people are living longer, their quality of life is most likely higher.
26
How does education level have a relation to development in a country?
The education level of people in that country tells you about its development because if people have received a good education and have then got a good job, then their quality of life will be higher.
27
What is the range of an HDI score?
A score of 0 is a very low HDI, 1 is the highest possible score.
28
Which country has the highest HDI score?
Norway
29
What is population structure?
The population structure of a country is how many men and women of each age group make up the population. It also includes the birth rate, death rate, life expectancy and infant mortality.
30
What is birth rate?
The birth rate of a country is the number of live births per 1000 population per year - the higher the birth rate, the more people are being added to the country each year.
31
What is death rate?
The death rate of a country is the number of deaths per 1000 population per year.
32
What is natural increase and natural decrease?
Natural increase is when the birth rate of a population is higher than the death rate, and natural decrease is the opposite.
33
What is infant mortality rate?
The infant mortality rate is the number of children who die before their first birthday, per 1000 live births per year. If a country has a good healthcare system, the infant mortality rate will be lower.
34
What does birth rate tend to be like in developing countries?
A high birth rate, this may be due to need for more children or lack of contraception (birth control).
35
What does death rate tend to be like in developing countries?
It tends to be high, due to war or diseases.
36
What does infant mortality rate tend to be like in developing countries?
It tends to be high as many children die in their first year due to low quality of life and not much access to healthcare.
37
What does life expectancy tend to be like in developing countries?
It tends to be low, due to low quality of life and poor healthcare - very nesscasary at an old age.
38
In an emerging country, what does birth rate tend to be like?
There is a falling birth rate, due to increasing access to contraception (birth control), and more woman working
39
In an emerging country, what does death rate tend to be like?
The death rate tends to fall because if the country is able to spend more on healthcare and improve the quality of life of people, then fewer people die per year. Infant mortality improves for the same reason.
40
In an emerging country, what does life expectancy tend to be like?
The life expectancy tends to increase, because as people’s quality of life increases and the healthcare provision of the country improves, people live longer.
41
Define "Poverty"
Lacking basic human needs.
42
Define "Inequality"
When wealth and access to services is not shared equally.
43
What is uneven development?
When development takes place at different rates in different regions.
44
What effect does uneven development have on the environment?
It leads to pollution, as development often comes with industrialisation, which leads to lots of manufacturing, causing pollution.
45
What effect does uneven development have on health?
Healthcare in more developed countries is much better, leading to better life expectancy and mortality rate.
46
How does uneven development lead to international migration?
People from less developed countries see advantages of living in developed countries, and migrate.
47
What effect does uneven development have on income?
It creates a large gap between average salary, rich countries having a much higher salary and taking away from the global economy for poor countries.
48
Can historical and physical factors affect development?
Yes, they can be hurdles.
49
How can geographical location affect development of a country?
- If the location of a developing place is on tectonic boundaries, it is susceptible to damage from earthquakes.
- If it is built in land vulnerable to floods this can also cause lots of damage and set back progress.
- If it is landlocked this can prevent exportation of goods to other countries and therefore halt development.
50
How can the climate of a place affect development?
A tropical environment can be hard to work in, and if a nation is too hot or cold this can make it hard to grow cash crops.
51
Can a country lacking in natural resources such as coal and oil get developed?
It is certainly difficult to develop without natural resources to export to other countries, but is possible. For example singapore educated its people without much resources.
52
What is a landlocked country?
A landlocked country is a country surrounded by land, with no ocean coastline.
53
How does a country being landlocked hinder its development?
A landlocked country has no access to the sea, and most world trade happens by sea in container ships. If a country cannot export its goods, it is likely to develop at a slower pace.
54
How does infertile farmland affect development?
Infertile farmland means low food production levels, which constrains a population size. This means the country has less workers and innovators, and many of the population dies of starvation. But there are advantages of a smaller population.
55
What is neo-colonisation?
When powerful nations influence post-colonial countries through debt.
56
How does neo-colonisation affect development?
When poor countries have large debts to pay off to countries, they cannot focus their money on developing themselves.
57
How does colonisation affect development?
When colonial rulers make use of the countries they have colonised for free labour and raw materials, much of what the country had is with the old rulers, even if the country is later given independence.
58
How do WARS affect development?
After a war or conflict, there is much land to repair and lives to help. If the country is left in ruins this can set them back many years.
59
How did the industrial revolution make Europe become much richer?
It started in Britain, which gave them a lead.
60
How does lack of education affect development?
A country with less educated people means many lost jobs and innovations. A well educated population helps a country develop.
61
How does corruption hold back development?
If a country's leader is corrupted, they take bribes, and money that could be used for the poor is taken for their own personal gain.
62
What is a cash crop?
A crop grown to sell in local markets or export.
63
What happens if a country relies on a few cash crops for development?
If another country starts selling it for less or the demand falls the country loses its only source of income. That's why it's important to rely on various exports and ways of getting money.
64
What was the European refugee crisis?
When people who were suffering from the Syrian civil war and people from Syria flowed into Europe in crowded boats. Many people fell off of the crowded boats and washed up on beaches.
65
What are some different views on letting refugees live in countries they flee to?
Some say they should be sent back home, others feel compassion to them and say they can afford to keep them.
66
Around how many humans live in poverty?
1.1 Billion!
67
How can a poorer country help themselves from poverty?
- They can try grow new crops and exploit more natural resources.
- They can develop tourism
- They can root out corruption
- They can educate people
- They can build up infrastructure
- They can develop manufacturing
68
Why is it difficult for a poor country to help themselves?
They need money.
69
What is aid?
When help and wealth is given to poor countries.
70
How do charities and regular people help poverty?
They can use money to provide villagers with materials, and we can give small donations to improve lives.
71
How is technology helping people in poverty?
Mobile phones give people ways to learn, and can change lives. Solar power is easy to maintain.
72
Is aid always good?
No, sometimes aid can be exploited and can negatively impact the country that aid is being given to.
73
What is Emergency or short-term aid?
Aid given after sudden disasters for a short time, when there is an immediate need.
74
What is conditional or tied aid?
When a country donates aid or resources to another but with conditions attached. These conditions will often be in the MEDC's favor.
75
What is charitable aid?
Aid funded by donations from the public through organisations such as OXFAM.
76
What is long-term or development aid?
Aid that involves providing local communities with education and skills for sustainable development, usually through organisations such as Practical Action.
77
What is multilateral aid?
Aid given through international organisations such as the world bank rather than one specific country.
78
What is Food aid?
Aid where instead of money being given, food is given. This can prevent corruption.
79
What is Top-down development?
Development projects that are imposed in people from "above". It starts with the big picture.
80
What is Bottom-up development?
Development projects that start and work from the "grass roots" level.
81
What is Globalisation?
The process that is making the world more interconnected; where businesses and other organizations develop international influence, or operate on an international scale. It also is a spread of culture.
82
How do logos being recognizable throughout the world show globalisation?
Logos of big brands being recognizable shows that they are operating at a scale where they are developing a global culture.
83
Why is globalisation argued to be uninclusive?
With globalisation, the poorest cannot afford new developments like technology, despite often being the workers.
84
Why is globalisation argued to push against a censored culture?
National governments often choose to filter exposure to certain aspects of other cultures that they feel are unsuitable or undermine their power, globalisation does not allow censored cultures. (whether you think this is good or bad)
85
Why is globalisation argued to undermine diversity?
Aspects of global culture may undermine or conflict with local or national culture, critics of globalisation argue that it is a movement to one identity.
86
Why is globalisation argued to undermine national economies?
National producers of food, music, services, and culture can't compete with large multinational companies. So they lose out on an income.
87
Why is it argued that globalisation lacks choice?
A decreasing number of multi-nationals offering a wide range of products means less choice for customers and possibly less value for money.
88
Why is it argued that globalisation can harm the enviorenment?
As countries develop they may begin using natural resources some of which may damage the environment. (fracking/mining)
89
Why is it argued that globalisation is only natural because culture evolves?
Culture evolves over time, and they argue that the process of globalisation is only a natural addition to this.
90
Why is it argued that cultural fusion is a positive thing, to defend globalisation?
It is not only countries like America that have experienced global culture, Asian countries such as Japan have had a great influence in positive ways, for example computing and gaming.
91
Why is it argued that globalisation is good because people have more choice?
Globalisation means people have choice in culture they consume, it is not dependent on where you are born.
92
Why is it argued that globalisation promotes greater understanding?
Increasing interconnectiveness makes the process of conflict more difficult, we have more in common that we realise. There have been no major global conflicts in half a century.
93
Why is it argued that globalisation improves equality?
Some people believe that exposure to western culture has a positive impact on the rights of individuals. (sexism, racism, other forms of bigotry)
94
Why is it argued that globalisation improves opportunities?
More often people gain access to greater education as countries share information. It also opens up the chance to move abroad for better jobs.
95
How is McDonalds a good example of globalisation?
Now most countries around the globe have access to McDonalds, except for many African countries. This shows how widespread the brand is.
96
What is the pattern of distribution of McDonalds around the world?
McDonalds tend to be set up more in more developed areas.
97
What is fair trade?
According to the fair trade website:
Fairtrade is a certification that changes the way trade works through better prices, decent working conditions and a fairer deal for farmers and workers in developing countries.
98
Where is Malawi? What is its shape and size?
Malawi is a long thin country in East Africa, it is about half the size of the UK and has around 17 million people.
99
What is one of Malawi's main physical features?
Lake Malawi, which is rich in fish.
100
What empire did Malawi used to be a part of?
The Marawi Empire.
101
Who was the first British person to arrive in Malawi? When was this?
Dr. Livingstone, a Scottish doctor and missionary arrived in 1859.
102
When did British take over Malawi? What did they do there?
British took over Malawi in 1891. They set up plantations there, to grow coffee, tea, tobacco, and cotton.
103
When did Malawi gain independence?
In 1964, after years of struggle.
104
Is Malawi a rich country?
No, it is one of the world's poorest countries. 90% make a living off farming. It is landlocked.
105
What is Malawi's top export? Why is this bad?
Tobacco, this is bad as tobacco is an unstable resource as its popularity is decreasing with the decrease in smoking.
106
What is life like for most girls in Malawi?
They stop school early, only boys get to complete secondary school. They are expected to marry at 18, and have their own children.
107
Where is Singapore? What size is it?
Singapore is an island country at the tip of Malaysia, it is very small with nearly 4 million citizens and 1.6 million there for work contracts.
108
When did Britain sign a treaty with singapore to set up a trading post there?
1819. Then, the island became a British colony.
109
What happened to Singapore in world war II?
Japan invaded the country and destroyed most of it, after the war, singapore rebuilt itself.
110
When did Singapore become independent?
1965, after years of internal conflict.
111
How rich is Singapore?
Singapore is now one of the world's wealthiest countries, but it has some poverty.
112
Does singapore have farmland or natural resources?
No, it has very little. Even fresh water is very scarce, so they have to import everything it needs.
113
How does Singapore earn money?
It earns money by importing materials, processing them, and exporting the products. It earns more as a shipping hub as Cargo is moved from ship to ship at singapore. It has the busitransshipment port in the world.
114
How did singapore get so rich?
They spent all their money into effectively educating their people.
115
Define "poverty line".
The minimum amount of money needed to obtain the basic essentials for living (like enough fuel, food and so on).
116
What is adult literacy?
% of people over the age of 15 that can read and write.
117
What is the Syrian civil war?
The Syrian civil war is a conflict between its long serving office and those seeking to boot it out of office.
118
What is the family that has held power in Syria since 1971?
The Assad family, they are not religiously extreme.
119
Why did citizens get angry at the Assad family?
They are angry at the failure of long-promised economic and political reforms.
120
What was the catalyst (tipping point) that led to the Syrian civil war?
The jailing on March 6, 2011, of some children that painted anti-regime graffiti. Some of them were KILLED in detention, which led to public protests that spread around the country.
121
What was the name of the revolutionary army against the Syrian government? How did they work? When was it formed?
By July 2011, the Free Syrian Army had formed. Local areas formed their own militias with the aim of toppling the government, but they had no co-ordination.
122
How was the UK's government funding to Nepal effective?
They gave 65 million euros to the government of Nepal to use in its health services. This helped make health care much more accessible, reducing the under five mortality rate by 1/3 in just five years!
123
How was aid from a non government organization effective and sustainable in Haiti?
Oxfam's Let's Go Agogo project in Haiti funded a veterinary organization that gives cows to local people - mostly women. With the support from vets, people could care for their cows, and sell more; their income boosting the local economy. Since it can be run BY local people FOR local people, it is sustainable.
124
How was international aid in Afghanistan disastrous?
Much of the Aid given to Afghanistan (one of the world's poorest countries) was wasted, Much of the Aid was given to foreign contractors to build large or quick projects that did not meet need of the poor. Much of the money was ineffectively spent and there was bribing and corruption involved.
125
Why can open free trade be risky to poorer countries?
Poorer nations have very fragile economies economies dealing with small numbers of products with high price variability.
126
How can free trade damage LIC (low income country) environments?
Many richer nations and their TNCs are accused of using the natural resources and people of poorer nations to their own advantage, paying the low wages.
127
Why can free trade be bad for poor countries due to it requiring investment.
Many poor countries do not have the money to invest in making their industries efficient so that they can compete with richer nations and companies.
128
Why is it argued that trade can encourage a race to the bottom?
Trade can encourage a “race to the Bottom”, as companies seek the lowest cost producers of goods normally at the harm of the natural environment and the conditions of employment.
129
Why is trade often unfair to different groups?
The money that something costs has to be split. Even if the farmer farming bananas requires much more energy and willpower than selling the bananas in a supermarket, the Supermarket gets FAR more money.
130
What are the six ways that fair trade differs from standard trade?
1. Focuses on trading with poor producer groups, to help them develop skills and sustainable livelihood
2. Pays fair prices that cover the full cost of production and provide a living wage for the producers
3. Provides credit for producers when it is needed so they have the funds to cover production costs.
4. A premium ( higher price) can be paid that will provide funds for social development work in communities
5. Encourages the fair treatment of all workers and ensures healthy and safe conditions in the workplace
6. Allows for the development of long-term trading relationships that will benefit the Low income countries.
131
How has the number of fair trade products increased?
The number of Fairtrade products has risen from about 150 in 2003 to more than 2,500.
132
What categories of products do fair trade products often include?
Fairtrade products include footballs, tea, coffee, cotton and honey.
133
What is one critique of fair trade?
Some argue that is is a "scheme" to make customers feel better about purchasers, and that money is not actually fairly split. They believe it is a marketing move.
134
What climate disasters is Malawi prone to?
Malawi is particularly prone to adverse climate hazards that include dry spells, seasonal droughts, intense rainfall, riverine floods, and flash floods.
135
What is a commodity?
Agricultural produce and natural resources taken from the Earth and sold in bulk like coffee, ion ore etc
